Circadian Rhythm in Susceptibility of House Flies1 and Madeira Cockroaches2 to Pyrethrum4

Sullivan, W. N.; Cawley, B. M.; Hayes, D. K.; Rosenthal, Joel; Halberg, Franz

doi:10.1093/jee/63.1.159

Cited by 19 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Sporadic studies have provided evidence that effects of organophosphate, organochlorine, and pyrethroid pesticides in various pest insect species vary with the time of day at which they are applied [3], [4], [5]. Similar reports have been made in mammalian systems [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Does the Clock Make the Poison? Circadian Variation in Response to Pesticides

et al. 2009

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BackgroundCircadian clocks govern daily physiological and molecular rhythms, and putative rhythms in expression of xenobiotic metabolizing (XM) genes have been described in both insects and mammals. Such rhythms could have important consequences for outcomes of chemical exposures at different times of day. To determine whether reported XM gene expression rhythms result in functional rhythms, we examined daily profiles of enzyme activity and dose responses to the pesticides propoxur, deltamethrin, fipronil, and malathion.Methodology/Principal FindingsPublished microarray expression data were examined for temporal patterns. Male Drosophila were collected for ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase (ECOD), esterase, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and, and uridine 5′-diphosphoglucosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme activity assays, or subjected to dose-response tests at four hour intervals throughout the day in both light/dark and constant light conditions. Peak expression of several XM genes cluster in late afternoon. Significant diurnal variation was observed in ECOD and UGT enzyme activity, however, no significant daily variation was observed in esterase or GST activity. Daily profiles of susceptibility to lethality after acute exposure to propoxur and fipronil showed significantly increased resistance in midday, while susceptibility to deltamethrin and malathion varied little. In constant light, which interferes with clock function, the daily variation in susceptibility to propoxur and in ECOD and UGT enzyme activity was depressed.Conclusions/SignificanceExpression and activities of specific XM enzymes fluctuate during the day, and for specific insecticides, the concentration resulting in 50% mortality varies significantly during the day. Time of day of chemical exposure should be an important consideration in experimental design, use of pesticides, and human risk assessment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Does the Clock Make the Poison? Circadian Variation in Response to Pesticides

et al. 2009

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“…Rhythms of sensitivity of houseflies to organophosphate residues (Reinhardt & Esther, 1971) and to pyrethrum aerosols (Sullivan et aL, 1970) have been described. However, in these studies the pickup of insecticides was dependent on the activity of the flies and the results are not entirely relevant to an examination of rhythms of susceptibility in stricto sensu..…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ORCADIAN RHYTHMS OF SENSITIVITY TO INSECTICIDES IN MUSCA DOMESTICA (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE)

Shipp

Otton

1976

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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Circadian rhythms of LD50 values to DDT, dieldrin and malathion, topically applied, were determined for houseflies reared under LD 14:10 with “dawn” at 06.00 hr. There was a marked increase in susceptibility at 05.00 hr in each case. With “dawn” at 18.00 hr., DDT LD50 values were lowest at 17.00 hr indicating independence of the flies' “biological clocks” from clock time of day. Flies reared under LD 18:6 and 10:14 also had circadian rhythms of sensitivity to DDT. Mean daily LD50 values were inversely related to photophase length. The ratios of mean daily LD50 to “pre‐dawn” values were greatest for the longer photophases. Flies reared under LD 14:10 until the pupal stage, then DD until testing showed a normal circadian rhythm. Flies reared in total darkness (DD) showed no diel variations in susceptibility. W.H.O. standard strain flies were used for all the experiments. A fully susceptible (Cooper) and a DDT resistant (DEH‐DOV) strain also showed significant circadian rhythms of sensitivity to DDT. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG CIRCADIANRHYTHMEN BEI DER EMPFINDLICHKEIT VON MUSCA DOMESTICA (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE) GEGENUBER INSEKTIZIDEN Circadianrhythmen der LD 50‐Werte gegenüber DDT, Dieldrin und Malathion ‐ topical angewandt wurden bei Stubenfliegen ermittelt, die bei 14:10 h‐Tag mit “Tagesanbruch” um 6.00 Uhr gezüchtet wurden. In allen Fällen war die Empfindlichkeit um 5.00 Uhr wesentlich erhöht. Bei “Tagesanbruch” um 18.00 Uhr waren die niedrigsten LD 50‐Werte um 17.00 Uhr. Dies weist auf die Unabhängigkeit der biologischen Uhr der Fliegen von der Tageszeit hin. Fliegen, die bei 18:6 oder bei 10:14 LD gezüchtet wurden, zeigten ebenfalls einen Circadianrhythmus hinsichtlich der Empfindlichkeit gegenüber DDT. Die mittleren LD 50‐Werte waren umgekehrt proportional zur Länge der Photophase. Das Verhältnis der mittleren täglichen LD 50‐Werte zu den Vortagesanbruchwerten war am grössten bei längerer Photophase. Fliegen, die bei 14:10 LD bis zum Puppenstadium und anschliessend bei DD bis zur Testung gehalten wurden, zeigten einen normalen circadianen Rhythmus. Bei Züchtung in völliger Dunkelheit zeigten sie keine Tagesschwankungen in der Empfindlichkeit. Für alle Versuche wurde ein WHO‐Standardstamm benutzt. Zwei andere Stämme, einer voll emDfindlich (Cooper), der andere resistent (DEH‐DOV) zeigten ebenfalls signifikante Circadianrhythmen in der DDT‐ Empfindlichkeir.

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“…Both targetsite Vssc insensitivity and detoxification changes were two crucial pyrethroid resistance mechanisms reported in house flies (Liu et al, 2006;Zhang et al, 2007Zhang et al, , 2010Scott, 2017). Some studies showed the rhythmic susceptibility to DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), organophosphate, and pyrethrum aerosols in the house fly (Sullivan et al, 1970;Shipp and Otton, 1976). Rhythmic susceptibility to some insecticides was always associated with the changed expression of detoxifying enzymes especially cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenase (P450s) for D. melanogaster, glutathione S-transferases (GST) for Anopheles gambie, and carboxylesterases (CarE) for C. lectularius (Hooven et al, 2009;Balmert et al, 2014;Khalid et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Time of Day-Specific Changes in Metabolic Detoxification and Insecticide Tolerance in the House Fly, Musca domestica L.

You

Yin

et al. 2022

Front. Physiol.

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Both insects and mammals all exhibit a daily fluctuation of susceptibility to chemicals at different times of the day. However, this phenomenon has not been further studied in the house fly (Musca domestica L.) and a better understanding of the house fly on chronobiology should be useful for controlling this widespread disease vector. Here we explored diel time-of-day variations in insecticide susceptibility, enzyme activities, and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme gene expressions. The house fly was most tolerant to beta-cypermethrin in the late photophase at Zeitgeber time (ZT) 8 and 12 [i.e., 8 and 12 h after light is present in the light-dark cycle (LD)]. The activities of cytochrome P450, GST, and CarE enzymes were determined in the house flies collected at various time, indicating that rhythms occur in P450 and CarE activities. Subsequently, we observed diel rhythmic expression levels of detoxifying genes, and CYP6D1 and MdαE7 displayed similar expression patterns with enzyme activities in LD conditions, respectively. No diel rhythm was observed for CYP6D3 expression. These data demonstrated a diel rhythm of metabolic detoxification enzymes and insecticide susceptibility in M. domestica. In the future, the time-of-day insecticide efficacy could be considered into the management of the house fly.

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Circadian Rhythm in Susceptibility of House Flies1 and Madeira Cockroaches2 to Pyrethrum4

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Does the Clock Make the Poison? Circadian Variation in Response to Pesticides

Does the Clock Make the Poison? Circadian Variation in Response to Pesticides

ORCADIAN RHYTHMS OF SENSITIVITY TO INSECTICIDES IN MUSCA DOMESTICA (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE)

Time of Day-Specific Changes in Metabolic Detoxification and Insecticide Tolerance in the House Fly, Musca domestica L.

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