Circadian pattern of total and free corticosterone concentrations, corticosteroid-binding globulin, and physical activity in mice selectively bred for high voluntary wheel-running behavior

Malisch, Jessica L.; Breuner, Creagh W.; Gomes, Fernando Ribeiro; Chappell, Mark A.; Garland, Theodore

doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.01.020

Cited by 117 publications

(131 citation statements)

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“…The same pattern is seen for cortisol in humans [23]. Our results are in agreement with the reported, normal physiological responses; however, the amplitude of plasma corticosterone levels between the active and nonactive phases in our results was about two-times larger than that those reported by other researchers [18,25,28]. Interestingly, our values for corticosterone in the active phase gradually increased in the order of the mice used for blood collection: first mouse of five, 83.3 ng/ml, then 317.2, 308.6, 273.0, and 372.6 ng/ml; the values in the nonactive phase were 17.3 ng/ml, then 115.2, 83.0, 32.3, and 82.5 ng/ml (Fig.…”

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confidence: 93%

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Effects of Animal Care Procedures on Plasma Corticosterone Levels in Group-Housed Mice during the Nocturnal Active Phase

et al. 2010

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C57BL/6 mice were housed five per cage on a 12:12 h light/dark cycle. All animal care, including bed cleaning, was carried out during the nonactive phase. After 2 weeks, mean plasma corticosterone levels, collected during the nonactive (ZT6) and active (ZT18) phases, were 66.0 and 270.9 ng/ml, respectively. The values at ZT18 gradually increased in the order of the mice used for blood collection, but not at ZT6. When animal care was carried out at ZT18, the increasing pattern of plasma corticosterone levels previously observed at ZT18 was less pronounced after 2 weeks of acclimatization, and was not observed after 4 weeks. Therefore, animal care should be carried out in the active phase for at least 4 weeks before experiments involving stress responses in the active phase.

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confidence: 93%

“…Briefly, the blood corticosterone level is lowest at ZT0-4, and then starts to increase. It reaches a peak at ZT12-16 under 12-h dark/12-h light cycles [8,18,25,28], indicating that plasma corticosterone levels are higher in the first half of the active phase than the first half of the nonactive phase. The same pattern is seen for cortisol in humans [23].…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Animal Care Procedures on Plasma Corticosterone Levels in Group-Housed Mice during the Nocturnal Active Phase

et al. 2010

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“…Even in the absence of running wheels, animals from the activity-selected line have been reported to display increased spontaneous activity. 19,25 In this study, we observed that the differences in spontaneous activity (recorded by infrared detection) between control and selected mice were most pronounced in females. When animals were given an HFD, spontaneous activity in the control line stayed the same, but activity in selected mice increased further to levels that were B700% (females) and B300% (males) higher than observed in respective controls subjected to an HFD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…Mice selectively bred for increased wheel-running activity are leaner than control line animals and have relatively low circulating leptin levels but high adiponectin levels. [16][17][18] Even without the presence of a running wheel, these genetically selected animals display increased locomotor activity, 19 and therefore may represent a relevant model for the study of increased spontaneous activity in the development of HFD-induced obesity and metabolic derangements. Recently, we observed that males from this breeding line have higher plasma adiponectin levels in the adult and aged state when they were eating a regular highcarbohydrate diet (HCD) and this difference was found in animals with or without access to running wheels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic and behavioral responses to high-fat feeding in mice selectively bred for high wheel-running activity

et al. 2008

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Objective: Increased dietary fat intake is a precipitating factor for the development of obesity and associated metabolic disturbances. Physically active individuals generally have a reduced risk of developing these unhealthy states, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of feeding a high-fat diet (HFD) on obesity development and fuel homeostasis in male and female mice with a trait for increased physical activity and in their controls. Methods: Male and female mice selectively bred for a high level of wheel running behavior over 30 generations and nonselected controls (background strain Hsd:ICR) were maintained on a standard lab chow high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) or on an HFD (60% fat). Food intake, body weight, indirect calorimetry parameters, spontaneous locomotor activity and several hormones relevant to metabolism and energy balance were measured. Results: On HFD, mice reduced food intake and increased body fat mass and plasma leptin levels, with the notable exception of the selected females, which increased their ingested calories without any effects on body mass or plasma leptin levels. In addition, they had an elevated daily energy expenditure (DEE), increased spontaneous cage activity (B700% relative to controls) and higher resting metabolic rate (RMR) on the HFD compared with feeding the HCD. The selected males also had a higher DEE compared with controls, but no interaction with diet was observed. On HCD, adiponectin levels were higher in selected male, but not female, mice relative to controls. A marked increase in the level of plasma adiponectin was observed on the HFD in selected females, an effect of diet that was not observed in selected males. Conclusion: Genetically based high locomotor activity renders female, but not male, mice resistant to HFD-induced obesity by alterations in behavioral, endocrine and metabolic traits that facilitate fat utilization rather than limiting HFD intake. International Journal of Obesity (2008) IntroductionObesity is becoming an increasingly prevalent health problem among individuals in affluent societies, because it is often associated with metabolic derangements such as impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia and abdominal obesity. When these metabolic abnormalities are displayed in concert (often referred to as the 'metabolic syndrome'), they have a high risk of developing into life-threatening conditions such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus type 2 (for review, see Moller and Kaufman 1 ). Consensus exists that increased dietary fat intake in combination with a sedentary lifestyle are precipitating factors (World Health Organization), 2 but the underlying endocrine and metabolic mechanisms are poorly understood.A major part of the current knowledge on the etiology of obesity and the metabolic syndrome has come from studies on rodents subjected to a high-fat diet (HFD). [3][4][5][6][7] In particular, the use of selectively bred and geneticall...

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“…In fact, recent work in human 'ultra-endurance' athletes (Pearson, 2006) suggests that neurobiological attributes make a greater contribution to maximum performance ability than has previously been acknowledged (Kayser, 2003;Baden et al, 2005;Noakes, 2007;Rose and Parfitt, 2007;Noakes, 2008). In our laboratory, selection for high voluntary wheel running in outbred laboratory house mice has been ongoing for more than 60 generations, and has resulted in numerous physiological (Girard et al, 2007;Malisch et al, 2008;Gomes et al, 2009;Meek et al, 2009), behavioral (Rhodes et al, 2001Rhodes and Garland, 2003; Belke and Garland, 2007;Meek et al, 2010), and neurobiological (Rhodes et al, 2003a;Rhodes et al, 2003b) changes in four replicate high-runner (HR) lines of mice as compared with four non-selected control (C) lines. Moreover, a recent comparative study demonstrated a positive correlation between brain size and an index of exercise capacity, maximal oxygen consumption (Raichlen and Gordon, 2011), one of the traits that has increased in the HR lines (Rezende et al, 2006b;Kolb et al, 2010).…”

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confidence: 98%

Mice selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running have larger midbrains: support for the mosaic model of brain evolution

Kolb

Rezende

Holness

et al. 2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYIncreased brain size, relative to body mass, is a primary characteristic distinguishing the mammalian lineage. This greater encephalization has come with increased behavioral complexity and, accordingly, it has been suggested that selection on behavioral traits has been a significant factor leading to the evolution of larger whole-brain mass. In addition, brains may evolve in a mosaic fashion, with functional components having some freedom to evolve independently from other components, irrespective of, or in addition to, changes in size of the whole brain. We tested whether long-term selective breeding for high voluntary wheel running in laboratory house mice results in changes in brain size, and whether those changes have occurred in a concerted or mosaic fashion. We measured wet and dry brain mass via dissections and brain volume with ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging of brains that distinguished the caudate-putamen, hippocampus, midbrain, cerebellum and forebrain. Adjusting for body mass as a covariate, mice from the four replicate high-runner (HR) lines had statistically larger non-cerebellar wet and dry brain masses than those from four non-selected control lines, with no differences in cerebellum wet or dry mass or volume. Moreover, the midbrain volume in HR mice was ~13% larger (P<0.05), while volumes of the caudate-putamen, hippocampus, cerebellum and forebrain did not differ statistically between HR and control lines. We hypothesize that the enlarged midbrain of HR mice is related to altered neurophysiological function in their dopaminergic system. To our knowledge, this is the first example in which selection for a particular mammalian behavior has been shown to result in a change in size of a specific brain region.Key words: activity, allometry, cerebellum, dopamine, exercise behavior, locomotion, motor control. convergences within primates, spatio-sensory convergences within insectivores). Similar evidence for mosaic evolution in the avian brain has also been found and correlated to functional differences in the enlarged brain regions (Iwaniuk et al., 2006). Cellular changes have also been observed with increased brain size. As brain volume increases, axon diameters and the fraction of myelinated axons increase, thereby reducing the delay in neural signaling between more distant regions (Wang et al., 2008). Moreover, different cellular scaling rules apply across different mammalian orders (Herculano-Houzel, 2010). For example, in rodents, neuronal cell size increases with brain size, such that neuronal density is lower in larger-brained species (albeit with a greater absolute number of neurons) (Herculano-Houzel et al., 2006). Conversely, in primates, neuronal cell size is constant and neuron density is constant, such that total neuron number is much greater with increasing brain size (Herculano-Houzel et al., 2007). Therefore, an increase in the size of a brain region could be the product of a variety of cellular changes (e.g. neuron number, neuron density, glial density, gray-to-white matte...

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Circadian pattern of total and free corticosterone concentrations, corticosteroid-binding globulin, and physical activity in mice selectively bred for high voluntary wheel-running behavior

Cited by 117 publications

References 62 publications

Effects of Animal Care Procedures on Plasma Corticosterone Levels in Group-Housed Mice during the Nocturnal Active Phase

Effects of Animal Care Procedures on Plasma Corticosterone Levels in Group-Housed Mice during the Nocturnal Active Phase

Metabolic and behavioral responses to high-fat feeding in mice selectively bred for high wheel-running activity

Mice selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running have larger midbrains: support for the mosaic model of brain evolution

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