Circadian clocks and insulin resistance

Abstract

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The Circadian Syndrome: is the Metabolic Syndrome and much more!

“…Herein we discuss research findings relating to the proposed Circadian Syndrome risk components and comorbidities (Table 2). Hypertension Lack of nocturnal decline in blood pressure [30,62] High blood pressure [22] Lipids Disrupted lipid homeostasis [69,70] Obesity Disrupted diurnal rhythms in the white adipose tissue transcriptome [73] Obesity [22] Blood glucose levels Disrupted daily rhythms in blood glucose levels and glucose intolerance [17,21,75] Disrupted daily rhythms in blood glucose levels and glucose intolerance [22] Fatty liver Disrupted triglyceride accumulation, inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction [29] Depression Circadian disruption increases the incidences of depression [86,87] Circadian disruption increases the incidences of depression [22,83,84,[105][106][107][108][109][110] Sleep disturbances Circadian disturbances result in sleep loss and mistimed sleep [56,97] Proposing a Circadian Syndrome: Cardiovascular-related components Circadian oscillations have been reported for both physiological CVD regulation including heart rate and blood pressure [57], for cardiac disorders including arrythmias [58,59], and there is circadian variation in frequency of onset of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death [19,60].…”

“…This includes changes in light exposure resulting from the extensive use of artificial light (‘light pollution’) , controlled ambient temperature and constant food availability , societal and workplace stresses, increasing shift work in the workplace and industry, jet travel with time zone changes and changes in nutrition. In the light of this, it has been suggested that the resulting circadian rhythm disturbances may be a major contributor to the contemporary global epidemics of T2DM, CVD and obesity .…”

“…It regulates gene expression, release of various hormones, body temperature, activity pattern, energy expenditure and other important body functions. This being the case, it is not surprising that there has been significant interest in the relationship of circadian disruption with glucose metabolism [5,13,15,16,18,21,22] and other components of the Metabolic Syndrome [6,17,19,22,23].…”

The importance of being rhythmic: Living in harmony with your body clocks

“…An additional level of circadian regulation is the temporal modulation of enzymatic activity. 48,49,[51][52][53]57,59,94 At the cellular level, the NAD+/ NADH ratio, that represents an important sensor of energy metabolism, regulates the activity of clock components and plays a substantiate role in the fine tuning of the cellular core clock machinery to metabolic state. 93 Peripheral clocks play a key role in regulating carbohydrate, protein and lipid homeostasis ( Figure 1B).…”

“…48,49,[51][52][53]57,59,94 At the cellular level, the NAD+/ NADH ratio, that represents an important sensor of energy metabolism, regulates the activity of clock components and plays a substantiate role in the fine tuning of the cellular core clock machinery to metabolic state. 31,59,71,77,[107][108][109][110][111] The nuclear receptor REV-ERBα is a key regulator of lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism. 103 An additional metabolic sensor in the body is the oxygen level.…”