Circadian Clock Neurons in the Silkmoth Antheraea pernyi: Novel Mechanisms of Period Protein Regulation

Šauman, Ivo; Reppert, Steven M.

doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80220-2

Cited by 226 publications

(207 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…First, the apPer promoter may not be functional in S2 or Sf9 cells, perhaps because essential activators or co-activators are absent in those cell lines. This possibility is supported by the extreme spatial restriction of apPER expression in silkmoth brain to only ϳ8 cells (15). Second, the apPer genomic fragments may contain a binding site for transcriptional repressors endogenously expressed in S2 and Sf9 cells.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6B). Such a feedback loop could explain the previously detected in vivo rhythms in apPer RNA and protein levels (15,26). However, it remains unclear why apPER is always primarily cytoplasmic in A. pernyi brain neurons, when it possesses an evolutionarily ancient, classic bipartite NLS (Fig.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…S1) suggests that, although PER has been detected only in the cytoplasm in most insects, PER nuclear entry may be widely true. The regulation of PER subcellular localization in Drosophila differs dramatically from that of A. pernyi and most other insects (15,16). The tobacco hawkmoth, Manduca sexta, is also atypical in that PER nuclear immunostaining (but not PER rhythmicity) is readily detectable in brain neurons (51).…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Constructing a Feedback Loop with Circadian Clock Molecules from the Silkmoth, Antheraea pernyi

Chang

McWatters

Williams

et al. 2003

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Circadian clocks are important regulators of behavior and physiology. The circadian clock of Drosophila depends on an autoinhibitory feedback loop involving dCLOCK, CYCLE (also called dBMAL, for Drosophila brain and muscle ARNT-like protein), dPERIOD, and dTIMELESS. Recent studies suggest that the clock mechanism in other insect species may differ strikingly from that of Drosophila. We cloned Clock, Bmal, and Timeless homologs (apClock, apBmal, and apTimeless) from the silkmoth Antheraea pernyi, from which a Period homolog (apPeriod) has already been cloned. In Schneider 2 (S2) cell culture assays, apCLOCK:apBMAL activates transcription through an E-box enhancer element found in the 5 region of the apPeriod gene. Furthermore, apPERIOD can robustly inhibit apCLOCK: apBMAL-mediated transactivation, and apTIMELESS can augment this inhibition. Thus, a complete feedback loop, resembling that found in Drosophila, can be constructed from silkmoth CLOCK, BMAL, PERIOD, and TIMELESS. Our results suggest that the circadian autoinhibitory feedback loop discovered in Drosophila is likely to be widespread among insects. However, whereas the transactivation domain in Drosophila lies in the C terminus of dCLOCK, in A. pernyi, it lies in the C terminus of apBMAL, which is highly conserved with the C termini of BMALs in other insects (except Drosophila) and in vertebrates. Our analysis sheds light on the molecular function and evolution of clock genes in the animal kingdom.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Constructing a Feedback Loop with Circadian Clock Molecules from the Silkmoth, Antheraea pernyi

Chang

McWatters

Williams

et al. 2003

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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“…These findings are different from Drosophila (Liu et al, 1988;Siwicki et al, 1988). Two possible reasons for the differences are that the translocation mechanism between cytoplasm and nucleus in Drosophlia is a unique mechanism Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology August 2008 (Sauman and Reppert, 1996) or the anti-PER may not bind with all forms of PER protein Zavodaska et al, 2005).…”

Section: Interactions Among Per Pdf and Crzmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping the cellular network of the circadian clock in two cockroach species

Wen

Lee

2008

Arch Insect Biochem Physiol

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The German cockroach, Blattella germanica, and the double-striped cockroach, B. bisignata, are sibling species with a similar period sequence but a distinctive circadian rhythm in locomotion. The cell distribution of immunoreactivity (ir) against three clock-related proteins, Period (PER), Pigment Dispersing Factor (PDF), and Corazonin (CRZ), was compared between the species. The PER-ir cells tend to form clusters and are sprayed out in the central nervous system. Three major PER-ir cells are located in the optic lobes, which are the sites of the major circadian clock. They are interconnected with PER-ir axon bundles. Interestingly, the potential output signal of the circadian clock, PDF, is co-localized with PER in all three groups of cells. However, only two CRZ-ir cells and their axons are found in the optic lobes and they are not co-localized with PER-ir or PDF-ir cells and axons. Since only one circadian rhythm is expressed in locomotion, the time signals from both major clocks in optic lobes are coupled by connection with PDF-ir axons. A group of 3-4 PER-ir cells in the protocerebrum display typical characteristics of neurosecretary cells. In addition, there are numerous, small PER-ir and PDF-ir co-localized cells in the pars intercerebralis (PI), which have direct connections with the neurohemoorgan, corpora cardiaca, through PER-ir and PDF-ir axons. Based on these findings, the cellular connection shows a circadian control through the endocrine route. For the rest of central nervous system, only a few PER-ir and PDF-ir cells or axons are detected. This finding implies the circadian clock for locomotion is not located in subesophageal ganglion, thoracic or abdominal ganglia, but may use other neural messengers to pass on circadian signals. Since the overall distribution pattern of the clock cells are the same for B. germanica and B. bisignata, the possible explanation for the different expressions of locomotion between the species depends on genes downstream of per, pdf, and crz. INTRODUCTIONLocating the pacemaker is the first step toward understanding the regulation of circadian systems. By using ablation, the optic lobes were identified as the putative site of the circadian pacemaker in controlling locomotion in cockroaches (Leucophaea maderae, Periplaneta americana, and Blattella germanica) (Nishiitsutsuji-Uwo and Pittendrigh, 1968;Colwell and Page, 1992;Wen and Lee, 2000). The pacemaker was localized between the lobula and the medulla (Helfrich-Förster et al., 1998). Due to technical limitations, however, ablation can not reveal the exact location at the cellular level of the pacemaker. Imunohistochemical analysis, therefore, should provide accuracy to pinpoint the cellular network of circadian clocks, if the essential clock genes are known.The cellular mechanisms of circadian clock involve several feedback loops in the clock cells. The period (per) gene is the main element of the core negative feedback loop in insect and other vertebrate species (Dunlap, 1999;Hardin, 2000). In the Drosophila model (...

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“…1; see review Žitňan and Adams, 2005) and corazonin immunoreactivity was detected in brain lateral neurosecretory cells in representatives of most major insect orders, except beetles (Veenstra and Davis, 1993;Cantera et al, 1994;Hansen et al, 2001;Roller et al, 2003). In moths these corazonin lateral cells also express the circadian clock protein period (PER) involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms (Sauman and Reppert, 1996;Wise et al, 2002). Connection between circadian rhythms and ecdysis is indicated by extirpation manipulations, which showed that these cells may be important for photoperiod-dependent induction of diapause occurring after pupal ecdysis (Shiga et al, 2003).…”

Section: Roles Of Neuropeptides In Eth Release Corazonin and Its Recementioning

confidence: 99%

Complex steroid–peptide–receptor cascade controls insect ecdysis

Žitňan

Kim

Žitňanová

et al. 2007

General and Comparative Endocrinology

155

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SUMMARYInsect ecdysis sequence is composed of pre-ecdysis, ecdysis and post-ecdysis behaviors controlled by a complex cascade of peptide hormones from endocrine Inka cells and neuropeptides in the central nervous system (CNS). Inka cells produce pre-ecdysis and ecdysis triggering hormones (ETH) which activate the ecdysis sequence through receptor-mediated actions on specific neurons in the CNS. Multiple experimental approaches have been used to determine mechanisms of ETH expression and release from Inka cells and its action on the CNS of moths and flies. During the preparatory phase 1-2 days prior to ecdysis, high ecdysteroid levels induce expression of ETH receptors in the CNS and increased ETH production in Inka cells, which coincides with expression of nuclear ecdysone receptor (EcR) and transcription factor cryptocephal (CRC). However, high ecdysteroid levels prevent ETH release from Inka cells. Acquisition of Inka cell competence to release ETH requires decline of ecdysteroid levels and β-FTZ-F1 expression few hours prior to ecdysis. The behavioral phase is initiated by ETH secretion into the hemolymph, which is controlled by two brain neuropeptides -corazonin and eclosion hormone (EH). Corazonin acts on its receptor in Inka cells to elicit low level ETH secretion and initiation of pre-ecdysis, while EH induces cGMP-mediated ETH depletion and consequent activation of ecdysis. The activation of both behaviors is accomplished by ETH action on central neurons expressing ETH receptors A and B (ETHR-A and B). These neurons produce numerous excitatory or inhibitory neuropeptides which initiate or terminate different phases of the ecdysis sequence. Our data indicate that insect ecdysis is a very complex process characterized by two principal steps: 1) Ecdysteroid-induced expression of receptors and transcription factors in the CNS and Inka cells. 2) Release and interaction of Inka cell peptide hormones and multiple central neuropeptides to control consecutive phases of the ecdysis sequence.

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Circadian Clock Neurons in the Silkmoth Antheraea pernyi: Novel Mechanisms of Period Protein Regulation

Cited by 226 publications

References 35 publications

Constructing a Feedback Loop with Circadian Clock Molecules from the Silkmoth, Antheraea pernyi

Constructing a Feedback Loop with Circadian Clock Molecules from the Silkmoth, Antheraea pernyi

Mapping the cellular network of the circadian clock in two cockroach species

Complex steroid–peptide–receptor cascade controls insect ecdysis

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