Cinnarizine in the Treatment of Peripheral Vascular Disease: Mechanisms Related to its Clinical Action

Emanuel, M. B.; Will, James A.

doi:10.1177/00359157770700s802

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…Due to the complexity of the etiopathogenesis of vertigo, many pharmacological treatments are targeted to control the activity of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and voltage-gated channels that play a pivotal role in the modulation of neuronal excitability. In particular, drugs from several broad categories have been tested for efficacy on vertigo, including calcium channel antagonists, antihistamines, diuretics, corticosteroids, antipsychotics, and other psychotherapeutic drugs [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ]. These drugs have different mechanisms of action.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy and Pharmacological Appropriateness of Cinnarizine and Dimenhydrinate in the Treatment of Vertigo and Related Symptoms

Plescia

Salvago

Messina

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Vertigo is not itself a disease, but rather a symptom of various syndromes and disorders that jeopardize balance function, which is essential for daily activities. It is an abnormal sensation of motion that usually occurs in the absence of motion, or when a motion is sensed inaccurately. Due to the complexity of the etiopathogenesis of vertigo, many pharmacological treatments have been tested for efficacy on vertigo. Among these drugs, cinnarizine, usually given together with dimenhydrinate, appears to be the first-line pharmacotherapy for the management of vertigo and inner ear disorders. Based on these considerations, the present non-interventional study aimed to investigate the clinical efficacy and tolerability of a fixed combination of cinnarizine (20 mg) and dimenhydrinate (40 mg) in patients suffering from vertigo-related symptoms. To this end, we enrolled 120 adults—70 males, and 50 females—with an average age of 64 years. Before beginning pharmacological treatment, all patients were screened for the intensity of vertigo, dizziness, and concomitant symptoms through the Visual Scale of Dizziness Disorders and Dizziness Handicap Inventory scales. At the end of the anamnestic evaluation, patients received the fixed-dose combination of cinnarizine (20 mg) plus dimenhydrinate (40 mg) 3 times daily, for 60 days. The results of this study provide further insight regarding the efficacy of the fixed combination when used to reduce symptoms of vestibular vertigo of central and/or peripheral origin, after both the 15- and 60-day therapies. Independent of the type of vertigo, the fixed combination was able to reduce dizziness- and vertigo-associated symptoms in more than 75% of all patients treated, starting from 15 days of therapy, and improving 60 days after starting the therapy. Interestingly, we also found differences between male and female patients in the framework of the pharmacological effects of therapy. This study provides further details concerning the therapeutic efficacy of the fixed combination of cinnarizine and dimenhydrinate, and also focuses attention on the possibility that these drugs could act in a gender-specific manner, paving the way for further research.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy and Pharmacological Appropriateness of Cinnarizine and Dimenhydrinate in the Treatment of Vertigo and Related Symptoms

Plescia

Salvago

Messina

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Cinnarizine was first generated as a medication that blocks the H 1 histamine receptor. However, various studies have shown that the calcium channel blocker activity of cinnarizine is also involved in treating MS and vertigo [ 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 ]. In other words, cinnarizine is a medication that works by blocking the movement of calcium ions across the sensory cells in the inner ear, which are responsible for detecting motion and maintaining balance [ 93 ].…”

Section: Interventions For Mitigating Motion Sicknessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional and Behavioral Countermeasures as Medication Approaches to Relieve Motion Sickness: A Comprehensive Review

et al. 2023

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The mismatch in signals perceived by the vestibular and visual systems to the brain, also referred to as motion sickness syndrome, has been diagnosed as a challenging condition with no clear mechanism. Motion sickness causes undesirable symptoms during travel and in virtual environments that affect people negatively. Treatments are directed toward reducing conflicting sensory inputs, accelerating the process of adaptation, and controlling nausea and vomiting. The long-term use of current medications is often hindered by their various side effects. Hence, this review aims to identify non-pharmacological strategies that can be employed to reduce or prevent motion sickness in both real and virtual environments. Research suggests that activation of the parasympathetic nervous system using pleasant music and diaphragmatic breathing can help alleviate symptoms of motion sickness. Certain micronutrients such as hesperidin, menthol, vitamin C, and gingerol were shown to have a positive impact on alleviating motion sickness. However, the effects of macronutrients are more complex and can be influenced by factors such as the food matrix and composition. Herbal dietary formulations such as Tianxian and Tamzin were shown to be as effective as medications. Therefore, nutritional interventions along with behavioral countermeasures could be considered as inexpensive and simple approaches to mitigate motion sickness. Finally, we discussed possible mechanisms underlying these interventions, the most significant limitations, research gaps, and future research directions for motion sickness.

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“…The drugs discussed here were recently found to exert a rheological activity, the clinical significance of which remains to be evaluated.22,23 It can be speculated that various aspects of symptomatic relief induced by cinnarizine and flunarizine are due to their rheological effects.17, 21,24 Even when only statistically significant results from double-blind studies are taken into account, the improved symptoms for one or both of the drugs reviewed include intermittent claudication, muscular cramps, cold extremities, paraesthesia, vascular spasms, trophic disorders, heaviness and swelling of legs in the evening, cramps at night, and dizziness.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Responsiveness of Various Symptoms of Vascular Disorders to Calcium Antagonists

Verhaegen¹,

Reyntjens²,

Hörig³

et al. 1979

Angiology

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Cinnarizine in the Treatment of Peripheral Vascular Disease: Mechanisms Related to its Clinical Action

Cited by 7 publications

References 27 publications

Efficacy and Pharmacological Appropriateness of Cinnarizine and Dimenhydrinate in the Treatment of Vertigo and Related Symptoms

Efficacy and Pharmacological Appropriateness of Cinnarizine and Dimenhydrinate in the Treatment of Vertigo and Related Symptoms

Nutritional and Behavioral Countermeasures as Medication Approaches to Relieve Motion Sickness: A Comprehensive Review

Responsiveness of Various Symptoms of Vascular Disorders to Calcium Antagonists

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