Cinnamon Modulates Toll-Like Receptors: a New Therapeutic Approach for Diabetes

Biological fate, functional properties, and design strategies for oral delivery systems for cinnamaldehyde

“…A variety of studies had been conducted to evaluate the oral bioavailability of CA in the aspect of absorption, tissue distribution, metabolism, and excretion. 19–21 Zhu et al reported that after oral administration, CA was partially metabolized into cinnamic acid in the stomach and small intestine and was almost completely converted into cinnamic acid in the livers of rats. 22 Sapienza et al studied the primary metabolic pathway of CA in rats and reported that CA was firstly oxidized into benzoic acid by β-oxidation, which then reacted with glycine to form hippuric acid, and was excreted in urine.…”

“…25 It was found that CA in rat tissues was mainly distributed in the gastrointestinal tract, livers, and kidneys in male Fischer 344 rats after the oral administration of 14 C-labelled CA. 20,23 According to Zhao et al , CA could not be detected after 24 hours of oral administration, indicating that CA was completely metabolized within one day. 26…”