Ciliary neurotrophic factor is an endogenous pyrogen.

Shapiro, Leland; Zhang, Xi-Xian; Rupp, Randall G.; Wolff, Sheldon M.; Dinarello, Charles A.

doi:10.1073/pnas.90.18.8614

Cited by 50 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…It is noteworthy that neither leptin nor CNTF induced COX-2 expression, as assessed by RT-PCR in whole hypothalamus (49) or COX-2 immunoreactivity in the brain (6). However, our observation of the induction of COX-2 mRNA by CNTF is consistent with the observation that indomethacin blocks CNTF-induced fever (26). Moreover, our results suggest that CNTF induces the expression of Tis-11, SOCS-3, and COX-2 mRNA similar to that induced by LPS or IL-1 administration (10,11,25).…”

supporting

confidence: 70%

“…Moreover, the effects may be long lasting, with no rebound weight gain (6,9a). Previously, CNTF has been shown to cause fever, weight loss, and anorexia in animals (26,27), and humans that receive CNTF report side effects consistent with an immune response, including nausea, anorexia, and weight loss (28,29). Based on the findings discussed above, we chose a dose of CNTF that was likely to reduce food intake and body weight to an extent similar to a leptin dose (1.0 mg/kg) that was previously used by us and other groups (6,(12)(13)(14)38).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor and Leptin Induce Distinct Patterns of Immediate Early Gene Expression in the Brain

et al. 2004

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Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and leptin decrease food intake and body weight. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a potent exogenous pyrogen and produces anorexia via cytokine production. CNTF-, leptin-, and LPS-induced cytokines all act on type I cytokine receptors. However, it is not known if these cytokines engage similar central nervous system (CNS) pathways to exert their effects. To assess mechanisms by which these cytokines act, we examined the patterns of immediate early gene expression (SOCS-3, c-fos, and tis-11) in the brain following intravenous administration. CNTF and LPS induced gene expression in circumventricular organs; ependymal cells of the ventricles, meninges, and choroid plexus; and the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. CNTF administration also induced fever and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression. In contrast, we found no evidence of leptin-induced inflammation. CNTF and leptin are being assessed as potential therapeutic antiobesity agents, and both potently reduce food intake. Our findings support the hypothesis that CNTF and leptin engage distinct CNS sites and CNTF possesses inflammatory properties distinct from leptin. Diabetes 53:911-920, 2004

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supporting

confidence: 70%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor and Leptin Induce Distinct Patterns of Immediate Early Gene Expression in the Brain

et al. 2004

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“…The probable role of the surface glycoproteins in pyrogenicity indicated by our results is in agreement with attempts to identify the viral component(s) that evoke interferon (IFN) and other pyrogenic cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-I, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-I and ciliary neurotrophic factor (Davatelis et al, 1989;Dinarello et al, 1988;Bendtzen, 1988;Shapiro et al, 1993). Any or all of these may cause fever in influenza although the nature of the endogenous pyrogen concerned is not yet clear .…”

supporting

confidence: 73%

Role of surface glycoproteins in influenza virus pyrogenicity

Alluwaimi¹,

Smith

Sweet³

1994

Journal of General Virology

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Eleven H3N2, seven H1N1 and three H3N1 influenza virus reassortants of the pyrogenic A/Puerto Rico/8/34-A/England/939/69 clone 7a (H3N2) (A/7A) and poorly pyrogenic A/Fiji/15899/83 (H1N1) (A/Fiji) parents were analysed genetically for the parental origin of their genes and for their pyrogenicity in ferrets. All H3N2 reassortants were pyrogenic and produced significantly more fever than A/Fiji but differences in pyrogenicity between them could not be correlated with either single or constellations of genes. All HIN1 reassortants were poorly pyrogenic compared with A/7A but one (Am29) produced significantly more fever than A/Fiji. No correlation of the increased fever with inserted A/7A genes was evident in Am29 and, while mutations were detected in the HI haemagglutinin of this reassortant using monoclonal antibodies, similar mutations were present in the other H1N1 reassortants which showed no increase in fever production. The three H3N1 reassortants were intermediate in their pyrogenicity, being more pyrogenic than A/Fiji and less pyrogenic than A/7A. Overall, these results support previous conclusions that the haemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase play a major role in the pyrogenicity of influenza virus.

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“…This effect requires an intact HPA axis, as adrenalectomy abolishes the suppression of TNF and the protection against death. This cytokine can activate the HPA axis, causing elevation of serum corticosteroids, and it can act as a pyrogen [148][149][150].…”

Section: Remarkably Il-11 Also Exertsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor, Interleukin 6, and Other Cytokines Using the GP130 Transducing Receptor: Roles in Inflammation and Injury

1999

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Inflammation refers to a complex set of mechanisms by which tissues respond to injury and infection. Among the many soluble mediators associated with this process, cytokines are known to be crucial in regulating a variety of cellular and molecular events. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-11, and possibly other members of this cytokine family are key mediators in various inflammatory processes such as the acute-phase reaction, tissue damage, and infection. These cytokines can act in both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory ways, depending on a number of variables. We emphasize here recent work utilizing knockout mice, which has highlighted the roles of LIF and IL-6, particularly in interactions between the immune and nervous systems.

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Ciliary neurotrophic factor is an endogenous pyrogen.

Abstract: Fever

Cited by 50 publications

References 34 publications

Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor and Leptin Induce Distinct Patterns of Immediate Early Gene Expression in the Brain

Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor and Leptin Induce Distinct Patterns of Immediate Early Gene Expression in the Brain

Role of surface glycoproteins in influenza virus pyrogenicity

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor, Interleukin 6, and Other Cytokines Using the GP130 Transducing Receptor: Roles in Inflammation and Injury

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