Ciliary functional analysis: Beating a path towards standardization

Abstract

Primary ciliary dyskinesia is an inherited disorder in which respiratory cilia are stationary, or beat in a slow or dyskinetic manner, leading to impaired mucociliary clearance and significant sinopulmonary disease. One diagnostic test is ciliary functional analysis using digital high‐speed video microscopy (DHSV), which allows real‐time analysis of complete ciliary function, comprising ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and ciliary beat pattern (CBP). However, DHSV lacks standardization. In this paper, the current knowledge of DHSV ciliary functional analysis is presented, and recommendations given for a standardized protocol for ciliary sample collection and processing. A proposal is presented for a quantitative and qualitative CBP evaluation system, to be used to develop international consensus agreement, and future DHSV research areas are identified.

Intracellular Cl− Regulation of Ciliary Beating in Ciliated Human Nasal Epithelial Cells: Frequency and Distance of Ciliary Beating Observed by High-Speed Video Microscopy

“…Recent developments in HSVM have allowed the observation of fine movements of airway ciliary beating, the analysis of which has enabled the measurement of the functional parameters of ciliary beating, not only the CBF but also the waveform or the beating pattern, including amplitude [9][10][11]. HSVM has been shown to be an effective tool for PCD diagnosis [11,41].…”

“…The functional activities of ciliary beating can be assessed by two parameters, ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and waveform [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Previous studies have shown that CBF is a key parameter controlling the rate of mucociliary clearance [6,7].…”

“…Previous studies have shown that CBF is a key parameter controlling the rate of mucociliary clearance [6,7]. However, there is evidence that the waveform is also an important factor for assessing the functional activities of the cilia [8][9][10][11][12]. There are several parameters for the assessment of waveform [8][9][10][11][12], one of which is the amplitude of ciliary beating.…”

“…However, there is evidence that the waveform is also an important factor for assessing the functional activities of the cilia [8][9][10][11][12]. There are several parameters for the assessment of waveform [8][9][10][11][12], one of which is the amplitude of ciliary beating. Studies of airway and nasal ciliary cells have demonstrated that the amplitude of ciliary beating is an essential factor for ciliary transport [14][15][16].…”

WDPCP modulates cilia beating through MAPK/ERK pathway in chronic rhinosinusitis

“…Both ciliated HSECs in ALI culture and clinical samples collected within 30 minutes were used for cilia beating frequency (CBF) analysis. The room temperature was controlled at 25 ℃, and the humidity was maintained at 70-80%, which would not significantly affect the CBF [25]. A high-speed digital video camera (Basler AG) captured images at 100 frames per second and Sisson-Ammons Video Analysis (SAVA) software (National Instruments) was used for video analysis.…”