Cigarette Tax Increase and Infant Mortality

Patrick, Stephen W.; Warner, Kenneth E.; Pordes, Elisabeth; Davis, Matthew M.

doi:10.1542/peds.2015-2901

Cited by 24 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…After removal of duplicates, 12 392 unique citations were screened by title and abstract, and 65 full texts were sourced. Of these, 41 EPOC studies 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 and three non-EPOC studies 65 , 66 , 67 fit the inclusion criteria ( figure 1 ; appendix, pp 6, 7 ). The EPOC studies included data from more than 57 million births, and from 4·6 million GP diagnoses and 2·7 million hospital admissions for respiratory conditions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The appendix (pp 8–20) details the main characteristics of the EPOC studies. Among these, 26 were interrupted time series studies, 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 31 , 32 , 37 , 38 , 40 , 42 , 43 , 45 , 46 , 48 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 14 were controlled interrupted time series studies, 28 , 29 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 39 , 41 , 44 , 47 , 49 , 53 , 56 , 60 and one had a regression discontinuity design, 30 a quasi-experimental design bearing close resemblance to interrupted time series methodology. 68 The three non-EPOC studies were uncontrolled before-and-after studies ( appendix, p 21 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…65 , 66 , 67 Model characteristics of individual studies can be found in the appendix (pp 22–31) . The EPOC studies were done in 14 countries across North America (24 studies) 18 , 28 , 29 , 31 , 33 , 35 , 36 , 38 , 39 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 49 , 50 , 53 , 54 , 56 , 57 , 59 , 60 , 61 and Europe (16 studies), 16 , 17 , 30 , 32 , 34 , 37 , 40 , 44 , 48 , 51 , 52 , 55 , 58 , 62 , 63 , 64 with one study from Hong Kong, China. 19 Several US studies assessed the same outcomes in partially overlapping study populations.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Effect of tobacco control policies on perinatal and child health: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Faber

Kumar

Mackenbach

et al. 2017

The Lancet Public Health

160

130

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SummaryBackgroundTobacco smoking and smoke exposure during pregnancy and childhood cause considerable childhood morbidity and mortality. We did a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate whether implementation of WHO's recommended tobacco control policies (MPOWER) was of benefit to perinatal and child health.MethodsWe searched 19 electronic databases, hand-searched references and citations, and consulted experts to identify studies assessing the association between implementation of MPOWER policies and child health. We did not apply any language restrictions, and searched the full time period available for each database, up to June 22, 2017. Our primary outcomes of interest were perinatal mortality, preterm birth, hospital attendance for asthma exacerbations, and hospital attendance for respiratory tract infections. Where possible and appropriate, we combined data from different studies in random-effects meta-analyses. This study is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42015023448.FindingsWe identified 41 eligible studies (24 from North America, 16 from Europe, and one from China) that assessed combinations of the following MPOWER policies: smoke-free legislation (n=35), tobacco taxation (n=11), and smoking cessation services (n=3). Risk of bias was low in 23 studies, moderate in 16, and high in two. Implementation of smoke-free legislation was associated with reductions in rates of preterm birth (–3·77% [95% CI −6·37 to −1·16]; ten studies, 27 530 183 individuals), rates of hospital attendance for asthma exacerbations (–9·83% [–16·62 to −3·04]; five studies, 684 826 events), and rates of hospital attendance for all respiratory tract infections (–3·45% [–4·64 to −2·25]; two studies, 1 681 020 events) and for lower respiratory tract infections (–18·48% [–32·79 to −4·17]; three studies, 887 414 events). Associations appeared to be stronger when comprehensive smoke-free laws were implemented than when partial smoke-free laws were implemented. Among two studies assessing the association between smoke-free legislation and perinatal mortality, one showed significant reductions in stillbirth and neonatal mortality but did not report the overall effect on perinatal mortality, while the other showed no change in perinatal mortality. Meta-analysis of studies on other MPOWER policies was not possible; all four studies on increasing tobacco taxation and one of two on offering disadvantaged pregnant women help to quit smoking that reported on our primary outcomes had positive findings. Assessment of publication bias was only possible for studies assessing the association between smoke-free legislation and preterm birth, showing some degree of bias.InterpretationSmoke-free legislation is associated with substantial benefits to child health. The majority of studies on other MPOWER policies also indicated a positive effect. These findings provide strong support for implementation of such policies comprehensively across the world.FundingChief Scientist Office Scotland, Farr Institute, Netherlands Lung Foundation, Erasmus...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Effect of tobacco control policies on perinatal and child health: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Faber

Kumar

Mackenbach

et al. 2017

The Lancet Public Health

160

130

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…There is a direct relationship between the rate of deliveries assisted by skilled birth attendants and the proportion of children fully immunized and negatively correlated with maternal, infant, and under-five mortality rates (25). The study by Patrick showed that changing economic status in the United States was associated with infant mortality rate (26).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation Between Human Development Index and Infant Mortality Rate Worldwide

Alijanzadeh¹,

Asefzadeh²,

Zare³

2016

Biotech Health Sci

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“…A US study compared state‐based data from 1999‐2010 on cigarette tax and price with infant mortality, sub‐divided by race, using time‐series models. The data were controlled for income, educational level, time trends and random effects. From 1999 through 2010, the mean overall US infant mortality rate decreased from 7.3 to 6.2 per 1000 live births.…”

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confidence: 99%

Cigarette tax saves infant lives

Isaacs

2016

J Paediatrics Child Health

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On ward rounds I have sometimes been asked by medical students and residents whether it really matters if we put an infant on single, double or triple phototherapy lights. Can using 'too much' phototherapy cause damage to body cells? Phototherapy is not associated with serious side effects, and certainly over the past few decades has become much safer. In the presence of risk factors for severe jaundice e.g. ABO/rhesus incompatibility, using intensive phototherapy has been an easy answer. The benefits likely outweigh the risks anyway. However, it is not such an easy question when it comes to using single or more intensive phototherapy in the first instance in the absence of risk factors with borderline or moderately high serum bilirubin (SBR). A recent case-control study of 36 newborns showed that both conventional and intensive phototherapy increase DNA damage in cells.1 DNA damage was measured using single-cell gel electrophoresis in peripheral mononuclear cells. Interestingly the duration, but not the intensity of phototherapy correlated with the degree of DNA damage (r = 0.86, P < 0.001). The authors argued therefore that it might be more efficacious, less toxic to cell DNA and cost saving with reduced hospital stays to use intensive phototherapy for short duration than conventional phototherapy which will bring down the SBR at a slower rate. What is unclear is if this DNA damage is transient or has any long-lasting consequences.

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Cigarette Tax Increase and Infant Mortality

Cited by 24 publications

References 27 publications

Effect of tobacco control policies on perinatal and child health: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Effect of tobacco control policies on perinatal and child health: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Correlation Between Human Development Index and Infant Mortality Rate Worldwide

Cigarette tax saves infant lives

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