Cigarette Smoking Women of Reproductive Age Who Use Oral Contraceptives: Results from the 2002 and 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Systems

Hormonal contraception and postmenopausal hormone therapy in Spain

“…We observed a higher prevalence of HC use among the most advantaged social classes and among women with smoking history, and we observed a lower prevalence of HC use among obese women, in agreement with previous literature. [15][16][17][18] Our rate of ever use of HT (9.8%) falls within the ranges of two other Spanish surveys conducted among women attending breast cancer screening programs (prevalence of 5.2% and 12.0%). 8,9 A cross-sectional telephone survey in 2002 observed that 22.3% of women aged 45 to 65 years had ever been prescribed HT, using a sample from the reference population of a primary healthcare center.…”

Hormonal contraceptive use in smokers: Prevalence of use and associations with smoking motives

“…These estimates are higher than those previously reported by McClave and colleagues, 23 which used national representative data collected via a telephone survey for the 2002 and 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Approximately 33–41% of female smokers in the BRFSS sample reported current hormonal contraceptive use, with the most popular type being oral contraceptives (27%).…”

“…22 Based on data from the 2002 and 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, an estimated 33% to 41% of women who smoke and are of reproductive age used some form of hormonal contraception. 23 The most popular type of hormonal contraceptive was oral contraceptives (26.9%), followed by the injectable progesterone commonly marketed as Depo-Provera ® by Pfizer (6.6%). The prevalence of other forms of hormones (e.g., vaginal ring [NuvaRing ® ], transdermal patch [Xulane ® ], hormonal intrauterine device [Mirena ® ]) were not reported.…”

Synergistic inhibitory effect of nicotine plus oral contraceptive on mitochondrial complex‐IV is mediated by estrogen receptor‐β in female rats

“…Despite global warnings and awareness of the detrimental effects of smoking‐derived nicotine on health, 22.4% of American women of reproductive age of 18–44 years currently smoke cigarettes (CDC 2008; McClave et al. 2010).…”