Cigarette smoking as a risk factor associated with oral leukoplakia

Bokor-Bratic, Marija; Vuckovic, Nada

doi:10.2298/aoo0202067b

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…[45][46][47] The literature shows that a smoking habit of 10 years or more increases the chances for development of this condition to approximately 11-fold as compared with nonsmokers. [48][49][50][51] A decrease in its prevalence after smoking cessation further confirms its etiological role. [52][53][54] Cigarette smoking causes cellular alterations in oral mucosa that precede the clinical changes.…”

Section: Leukoplakia and Erythroplakiamentioning

confidence: 94%

Implications of tobacco smoking on the oral health of older adults

Agnihotri

Gaur

2014

Geriatrics Gerontology Int

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Cigarette smoking is the foremost health risk issue affecting individuals of all age groups globally. It specifically influences the geriatric population as a result of chronic exposure to toxins. Its role in various systemic and oral diseases including cancer, premalignant lesions, periodontitis, tooth loss, dental caries and implant failures is well established. Smoking causes immuno-inflammatory imbalances resulting in increased oxidative stress in the body. The latter hastens the immunosenescence and inflammaging process, which increases the susceptibility to infections. Thus, implementation of smoking cessation programs among older adults is imperative to prevent the development and progression of oral and systemic diseases. The present review focuses on smoking-associated oral health problems in older adults, and the steps required for cessation of the habit.

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Section: Leukoplakia and Erythroplakiamentioning

confidence: 94%

Implications of tobacco smoking on the oral health of older adults

Agnihotri

Gaur

2014

Geriatrics Gerontology Int

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“…The quantity and duration of cigarette smoking in the current study were defined and recorded similarly to previous studies . The quantity was defined as the average number of cigarettes consumed per day in the smoking period(s) of the patient's lifetime.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors predictive of the onset and duration of action of local anesthesia in mandibular third‐molar surgery: a prospective study

Al-Shayyab

Baqain

2018

European J Oral Sciences

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The aim of this study was to assess the influence of patients' and surgical variables on the onset and duration of action of local anesthesia (LA) in mandibular third-molar (M3) surgery. Patients scheduled for mandibular M3 surgery were considered for inclusion in this prospective cohort study. Patients' and surgical variables were recorded. Two per cent (2%) lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine was used to block the nerves for extraction of mandibular M3. Then, the onset of action and duration of LA were monitored. Univariate analysis and multivariate regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The final cohort included 88 subjects (32 men and 56 women; mean age ± SD = 29.3 ± 12.3 yr). With univariate analysis, age, gender, body mass index (BMI), smoking quantity and duration, operation time, and 'volume of local anesthetic needed' significantly influenced the onset of action and duration of LA. Multivariate regression revealed that age and smoking quantity were the only statistically significant predictors of the onset of action of LA, whereas age, smoking quantity, and 'volume of local anesthetic needed' were the only statistically significant predictors of duration of LA. Further studies are recommended to uncover other predictors of the onset of action and duration of LA.

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“…Smoking is the most common cause of oral lesions, but chronic irritation from carious teeth or malaligned dentures is also a cause. Histologic changes occur, varying from mild scaling and epidermal thickening with minimal inflammation to varying degrees of dysplasia or carcinoma in situ (5)(6)(7)(8).…”

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confidence: 99%

Presence of Candida albicans in potentially malignant oral mucosal lesions

Vuckovic¹,

Bokor-Bratic²,

Vuckovic

et al. 2004

Arch Oncol

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Recently, an interest in the study of oral candidiasis has markedly increased mainly because of its association with viral infections due to human immunodeficiency, but also because of its relation with potentially malignant lesions of oral mucosa. These lesions belong to the wide group of leukoplakia. Leukoplakia is a clinical term used to describe a range of nonspecific white lesions, whose appearance does not generally correlate well with histopathologic changes; therefore, biopsy should be performed in all cases to determine which are precancerous or potentially malignant ones. In order to study the association of Candida albicans and the types of mucosal lesions, we took 30 consecutive biopsies of oral mucosa and the smears for microbiologic examination from the changed surface of mucosa and from the rest of oral cavity. The study group consisted of 30 patients, 21 women and 9 men, with the average age of 50.23 years (range, 25-77 years). In 6 cases Candida was diagnosed in mucosal biopsy. In the smear from the lesion, it was present in 3 cases, and 2 cases were found in the smear from an unchanged oral mucosa. In 9/30 cases (30%) Candida was positive regardless of the smear area or mode of diagnosis. The most common lesion is leukoplakia, diagnosed in 12/30 cases (40%), in 6 female and 6 male patients. The average age of those patients was 52.42 years. The lesions were located as follows: cheek mucosa - 5 cases; gingival mucosa - 2; lower lip - 2; floor of the mouth - 2; soft palate - 1; Candida was present in 3/12 cases. The lesion with the second highest incidence is lichen planus (9 cases), with positive Candida infection in 4/9 (44.44%). Epithelial dysplasia, although diagnosed in a very small number of cases (1/30 or 3.3%) with leukoplakia, was associated with a Candida infection. Generally, Candida is present in potentially malignant oral mucosal lesions (in 3/12 or 25% of leukoplakia cases, in 4/9 or 44.44% of lichen planus cases, and 1/1 squamous papilloma), with an increasing incidence in lesions with serious dysplastic epithelial changes

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Cigarette smoking as a risk factor associated with oral leukoplakia

Cited by 17 publications

References 24 publications

Implications of tobacco smoking on the oral health of older adults

Implications of tobacco smoking on the oral health of older adults

Factors predictive of the onset and duration of action of local anesthesia in mandibular third‐molar surgery: a prospective study

Presence of Candida albicans in potentially malignant oral mucosal lesions

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