Cigarette Smoking and Risk of Breast Cancer in a Large Population

Abstract

Brain tumors are the second most common neoplasm in children. Pattern of primary brain tumors in children have not been reported in Iran. Brain tumors have been the subject of controversy both with respect to pattern of occurrence and to potential causes. The objective of the present study was to determine the histopathological pattern of intracranial tumors and its frequency by sex and age in children less than 15 years of age. A retrospective study of 633 children who were admitted at the neurosurgical center between 1978 and 2003 was performed. Charts were reviewed to extract information about demographics, and histopathological diagnosis of tumors. All patients entered into this study had pathologically proven brain tumor. The frequency distribution of brain tumors by age and sex, and histopathology was calculated. The male-female ratio was 58.1% to 41.9%, vary significantly (P < .05). The mean age of the patients at time of diagnosis was 8.79 years (SD ¼ 3.89). The five most common histological diagnoses in patients were Astrocytoma (39.5%), followed by Medulloblastoma (18.0%), Ependymoma (10.3%), Craniopharyngioma (8.7%), and Meningioma (5.7%). Most of brain tumor types (85%) occurred in children between 5 to 15 years of age. Astrocytoma was occurred mostly in children aged 5-15yrs (87%). Males were affected more than females. A significant male predominance was observed in the Craniopharyngioma and Medulloblastoma. Astrocytoma was the first most common brain tumor in all age groups. Certain tumor types show a prediction for the certain period of life. Keywords: Epidemiology, Brain tumors, Children. Previous reports disagree about whether cigarette smoking is related to risk of female breast cancer (BRCA). We did a cohort study among 70,033 women (59% white, 26% African-American, 10% Asian-American, 4% Hispanic, 1% Other) who supplied baseline information about demographics and habits at voluntary health examinations in 1978-85. Through 2004 BRCA was subsequently diagnosed in 2,829 women. We studied risk related to smoking by Cox proportional hazards models with never smokers (36,813 women; 1,440 BRCA) as the referent. Other smoking categories in the models were ex-smokers (12, 575 women; 613 BRCA), smokers of < 1 pack per day (12,383 women; 435 BRCA), and smokers of > 1 pack per day (5,573 women, 234 BRCA). In a model adjusted for age, ethnicity, body mass index, education, and alcohol drinking, the relative risks (RR), 95 % (confidence intervals [CI], p values) were: ex-smokers ¼ 1.11 (1.00-1.22, p ¼ 0.04), < 1 pack per day ¼ 1.15 (1.03-1.29, p ¼ 0.01), and > 1 pack per day ¼ 1.45 (1.25-1.68, p < 0.001). Additional control for pregnancy history and family breast cancer history had little effect on these RR's. Among covariates, increasing age, body mass index, education, and alcohol consumption showed positive relations to risk of BRCA, while AfricanAmerican ethnicity (vs white) was inversely related. Smoking associated risk was generally similar in subgroups stratified by age, ethnicity, body mass index,...