Cigarette smoking and risk of prostate cancer in the physicians' health study (United States)

Lotufo, Paulo A.; Lee, I-Min; Ajani, Umed A.; Hennekens, Charles H.; Manson, JoAnn E.

doi:10.1002/1097-0215(20000701)87:1<141::aid-ijc21>3.0.co;2-a

Cited by 45 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Similar findings reported by Murata et al did not describe any modification effect of PCa risk when smoking was considered [45]. In general, epidemiologic studies did not support a clear causal relationship between smoking and PCa risk [49][50][51][52][53][54]. However, a recent study indicated that men who are heavy smokers would have a significant impact on the risk of developing PCa, especially the more aggressive forms of the disease [55].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship among metabolizing genes, smoking and alcohol used as modifier factors on prostate cancer risk: Exploring some gene?gene and gene?environment interactions

Cáceres

Iturrieta

Acevedo³

et al. 2005

Eur J Epidemiol

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship among metabolizing genes, smoking and alcohol used as modifier factors on prostate cancer risk: Exploring some gene?gene and gene?environment interactions

Cáceres

Iturrieta

Acevedo³

et al. 2005

Eur J Epidemiol

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“…The Physicians' Health Study [18] enrolled 22,071 U.S. male physicians in 1982 and the average follow-up time was 12.5 years. Smoking habits were assessed through two questionnaires and a total of 113 fatal prostate cancer cases were recorded.…”

Section: Studies Not Showing An Overall Association With Smokingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When death from prostate cancer was used as the outcome, in contrast to incident prostate cancer, the majority of the cohort studies yielded a positive association between current smoking and prostate cancer mortality [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. This observed association is moderate, *30% increase in risk for current smokers as a group, but may be higher in the sub-group of heaviest smokers and particularly for smoking 10 years prior to death.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Smoking and aggressive prostate cancer: a review of the epidemiologic evidence

Giovannucci

2009

Cancer Causes Control

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Although tobacco use has been recognized as one of the leading causes of cancer morbidity and mortality, a role of smoking in the occurrence of prostate cancer has not been established. However, evidence indicates that factors that influence the incidence of prostate cancer may differ from those that influence progression and fatality from the disease. Thus, we reviewed and summarized results from prospective cohort studies that assessed the relation between smoking and fatal prostate cancer risk, as well as epidemiological and clinical studies that focused on aggressive behavior in prostate cancer, such as poorer survival, advanced stage, or poorer differentiation at diagnosis. The majority of the prospective cohort studies showed that current smoking is associated with a moderate increase of ~30% in fatal prostate cancer risk compared to never/non-smokers. This association is likely to be an underestimate of the effect of smoking because most studies had a single assessment of smoking at baseline and long follow-up times, and the association was considerably stronger in some sub-groups of heaviest smokers, or when smoking was assessed in a relatively short period (within 10 years) prior to cancer mortality. Using aggressive behavior of prostate cancer as outcome, current smoking was associated with significantly elevated risk, ranging from around twofold to threefold or higher. Although alternative explanations, such as publication bias, residual confounding, screening bias, and the influence of smoking-related comorbidities cannot be ruled out entirely, these findings suggest that smoking is associated with aggressive behavior of prostate cancers or with a sub-group of rapidly progressing prostate cancer. Based on evidence presented in this review, cigarette smoking is likely to be a risk factor for prostate cancer progression and should be considered as a relevant exposure in prostate cancer research and prevention of mortality from this cancer.

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“…Using the same analytical approach as the earlier study of the relationship between the California Tobacco Control Program and heart disease [5,6], we used the SEER data to test if the Program was associated with the decline in lung cancer incidence. This same model was used for bladder cancer, another smoking-caused cancer [8,12,13], and prostate [14,15] and brain and other nervous tissue cancer [16], which are not caused by smoking. These results substantially strengthen the earlier conclusions [10,11] that tobacco control programs not only reduce smoking, but have a substantial effect on lung, and, perhaps, other cancer incidence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Association of the California Tobacco Control Program with Declines in Lung Cancer Incidence

Barnoya

Glantz

2004

Cancer Causes Control

105

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Objective: The California tobacco control program enacted in 1988 has been associated with declines in smoking and heart disease mortality. Since smoking also causes lung cancer, we investigated whether the program was associated with a decline in lung and other cancer incidence. Methods: Age-adjusted incidence rates of lung and bladder cancer (which are caused by smoking) and prostate and brain cancer (which are not) in the San Francisco-Oakland (SFO) Surveillance Epidemiology End Results (SEER) registry and other eight SEER registries from 1975 to 1999 were fitted in multiple regression analyses accounting for the time lag between program implementation and its effects on cancer incidence. Cigarette consumption over time was also analyzed and related to lung cancer incidence. Results: With a one year lag, the incidence of lung cancer in SFO, relative to eight other SEER registries, fell significantly below that predicted from the pre-1990 rates, by )0.981 (cases/100,000/year)/year (p ¼ 0.001). With a three year lag, the incidence of bladder cancer fell by )0.234 (cases/100,000/year)/year (p ¼ 0.066). No association of the program was observed on prostate or brain cancers in SFO. During the first decade, the Program was associated with about a 6% reduction in lung cancer incidence; state-wide that corresponds to about 11,000 cases avoided. Conclusion: A comprehensive tobacco control program is associated with a lower incidence of lung cancer.

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Cigarette smoking and risk of prostate cancer in the physicians' health study (United States)

Cited by 45 publications

References 15 publications

Relationship among metabolizing genes, smoking and alcohol used as modifier factors on prostate cancer risk: Exploring some gene?gene and gene?environment interactions

Relationship among metabolizing genes, smoking and alcohol used as modifier factors on prostate cancer risk: Exploring some gene?gene and gene?environment interactions

Smoking and aggressive prostate cancer: a review of the epidemiologic evidence

Association of the California Tobacco Control Program with Declines in Lung Cancer Incidence

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