Cigarette smoking and pancreas cancer: A case-control study of the search programme of the IARC

Abstract

A multi-centre case-control study of pancreas cancer, designed to be population-based, to use a random sample of local populations as controls and to use a common protocol and core questionnaire, was conducted as the first study of the SEARCH programme of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. "Ever-smokers'' were found to be at increased risk for pancreas cancer compared with "never-smokers" consistently in all strata of gender, response status and centre. Risk of pancreas cancer was found to increase with increasing lifetime consumption of cigarettes, the relative risk rising to 2.70 (95% C.I. 1.95 to 3.74) in the highest intake category. The overall trend in risk was highly significant and the association was found consistently in each stratum of gender, response status and centre. Fifteen years had to pass from quitting cigarette smoking until the risk fell to a level compatible with that in never-smokers among the heaviest group of smokers; among the 2 lowest tertiles this happened within 5 years. Further, reported smoking habits more than I 5 years before diagnosis appeared to have no influence on pancreas-cancer risk, irrespective of amount smoked. The results are consistent with a causal role for cigarette smoking in the aetiology of pancreas cancer and illustrate that ceasing to smoke cigarettes can lead to reductions in the elevated risk of pancreas cancer produced by this habit.o 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Cigarette smoking, elevated fasting serum glucose, and risk of pancreatic cancer in Korean men

“…18,19,41,42 To date, several cohort studies have consistently reported that cigarette smoking increases the risk of pancreatic cancer. [34][35][36][37][38][39][40] Compared with case-control studies, 9,10,[18][19][20] however, the strength of the association was relatively weak in these cohort studies.…”

“…30 Epidemiological studies from European countries and the United States have consistently shown that cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer, but the dose-response relationship has not been clear due to inconsistent findings among these studies. [18][19][20][21][22][23][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] In addition, recent observational studies have provided consistent evidence for an association of diabetes with increased risk of pancreatic cancer. [27][28][29] To date, however, very few studies have analyzed the potential interaction between smoking and other risk factors, in terms of manifestations of pancreatic cancer.…”

Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases-21 and -26 and TIMP-4 in pancreatic adenocarcinoma

“…A known risk factor for pancreatic cancer is smoking, which increases the risk two-to three-fold. 4 Also, patients with chronic pancreatitis have increased risk for developing pancreatic carcinoma. 5,6 Coexpression of several members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family is characteristic of human malignant tumors.…”

Risk of pancreatic cancer among individuals with a family history of cancer of the pancreas

“…1 Smoking is the most important and most consistent environmental risk factor for pancreatic cancer; the risk is increased roughly 3-fold for men and women with heavy cigarette consumption. 2,3 Several dietary factors have been reported to be protective, including fresh fruits and vegetables, dietary fibre and vitamin C. 4,5 Other foods have been reported to increase the cancer risk, including salted and smoked foods, fried foods and refined sugar. 5 It is clear that familial factors are also involved in susceptibility to pancreatic cancer.…”