Cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome components: a cross-sectional study from Maracaibo City, Venezuela

Abstract

Background: A growing body of evidence suggests that cigarette smoking can cause the onset of metabolic syndrome prior to cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between smoking habit and metabolic syndrome components in an adult population from Maracaibo city, Venezuela. Methods: The Maracaibo City Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence Study is a descriptive, cross-sectional study with random and multi-stage sampling. In this sub-study, 2212 adults from both genders were selected. On the basis of their medical background, they were classified as smokers, non-smokers and former smokers. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to Harmonizing 2009 criteria, using population-specific abdominal circumference cut-off points. The association between risk factors was evaluated using a logistic regression model. Results: In the studied population, 14.8% were smokers, 15.4% were former smokers. In the multivariate analysis, the presence of metabolic syndrome (smokers: OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.11–2.14; p=0.010) and its components were related to cigarette smoking, with the exception of hyperglycemia. High blood pressure was inversely associated with current smoking status (smokers: OR, 0.70 (0.51–0.95); p=0.025). Conclusion: Cigarette smoking represents an independent risk factor for the development of metabolic syndrome, being associated with low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, increased abdominal circumference and elevated triacylglyceride levels. Former smokers did not present a greater risk for developing this metabolic disease when compared to non-smokers. The effect of avoiding this habit should be evaluated in future studies in our population.

Predicting metabolic syndrome by visceral adiposity index, body roundness index, dysfunctional adiposity index, lipid accumulation product index, and body shape index in adults

“…Although it is well-known that smoking, alcohol consumption, and sedentary lifestyle are risk factors for MetS (24), no statistically significant difference was found in smoking, alcohol consumption, and regular physical activity level between the MetS and control group (p > 0.05).…”

Association of common gene-smoking interactions with elevated plasma apolipoprotein B concentration

“…While the literature abounds with studies on associations between apoB levels and life habits such as diet, alcohol and physical activity, it is less the case with smoking. According to available results, effects of smoking on lipid metabolism appear more obviously related to the HDL and triglycerides (TG) metabolism [12][13][14][15]. Fewer results target its association with apoB and these are not all in agreement [16][17][18].…”