Cigarette smoking and male lung cancer risk with special regard to type of tobacco

Armadans-Gil, Lluı́s; Vaqué‐Rafart, Josep; Rosselló, José; Olona, Montserrat; Alsedà, Miquel

doi:10.1093/ije/28.4.614

Cited by 29 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…This discrepancy may be due to the fact that our "average smoker" had higher cumulative exposure and quit smoking more rarely and more recently compared with other study populations [5,6,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

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A flexible modeling approach to estimating the component effects of smoking behavior on lung cancer

Rachet¹,

Siemiatycki²,

Abrahamowicz³

et al. 2004

Journal of Clinical Epidemiology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…Previous studies [5,16,25,28,29,[33][34][35] reported an effect of age started, although some found no effect [36][37][38][39]. Most of these studies failed to account for confounding by duration, which is naturally correlated with age started or by years since quitting.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A flexible modeling approach to estimating the component effects of smoking behavior on lung cancer

Rachet¹,

Siemiatycki²,

Abrahamowicz³

et al. 2004

Journal of Clinical Epidemiology

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“…Filter vs nonfilter smoking and lung cancer histology T Marugame et al overall, although filter cigarette smokers were at lower risk compared to nonfilter smokers regardless of histology, a greater reduction in adjusted OR was observed for SCC than for AC. Lower risk of all lung cancers has been observed among filter cigarette smokers compared to nonfilter cigarette smokers in some case -control studies of men (Wynder and Stellman, 1979;Lubin et al, 1984;Benhamou et al, 1989;Benhamou et al, 1994;Armadans et al, 1999) and women (Wynder and Stellman, 1979;Lubin et al, 1984;Agudo et al, 2000). However, the reduction in risk of all lung cancers among filter cigarette smokers compared to nonfilter cigarette smokers has been obscured.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Filter cigarette smoking and lung cancer risk; a hospital-based case–control study in Japan

Marugame¹,

Sobue²,

Nakayama

et al. 2004

Br J Cancer

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Recent changes in the histology of lung cancer, namely a relative increase of adenocarcinoma compared to squamous cell carcinoma, might be due to a temporal shift from nonfilter to filter cigarettes. To investigate the association between type of cigarette and lung cancer by histological type, we conducted a case -control study in Japan, comprising 356 histologically confirmed lung cancer cases and 162 controls of male current smokers, who provided complete smoking histories. Overall, logistic regression analysis after controlling for age and prefecture revealed decreased risk, as shown by adjusted odds ratios, for both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma among lifelong filter-exclusive smokers as compared to nonfilter or mixed smokers. This decrease was greater for squamous cell carcinoma than for adenocarcinoma. Among men under 54 years, filter-exclusive smokers displayed increased risk of adenocarcinoma, but decreased risk of squamous cell carcinoma. The recent shift in histology from squamous cell carcinoma to adenocarcinoma, particularly among younger smokers, might be due to changes in cigarette type. However, among subjects aged 65 years or more, no differences in histological type appeared related to type of cigarette smoked, implying that other factors are associated with increases in adenocarcinoma among older Japanese population.

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“…Nine studies (Ives, 1984;Alderson et al, 1985;Benhamou et al, 1987Benhamou et al, , 1994Garfinkel & Stellman, 1988;Agudo et al, 1994;de Stefani et al, 1996b;Stellman et al, 1997;Armadans-Gil et al, 1999) used a comparison group of "filter only" based on lifetime smoking history. From the 14 gender-specific estimates, the relative risk was 0.64 (0.53 to 0.78).…”

Section: Filter Cigarettesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lung Cancer and Type of Cigarette Smoked

2001

Inhalation Toxicology

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Lung cancer risk in smokers of different types of cigarette was compared based on evidence from 54 epidemiological studies, each of over 100 lung cancer cases. Random effects meta-analyses estimated the relative risk of lung cancer in filter and plain cigarette smokers (or with most and least filter use), in lower and higher tar smokers, in ever handrolled and manufactured only smokers, and in ever black tobacco and blond tobacco only smokers. From 43 gender-specific estimates, the risk was estimated to be 36% (95% confidence interval 27% to 44%) lower in filter than in plain cigarette smokers. The reduction was evident in both genders and in different continents. It was greater, 50% (33% to 63%, n = 11 estimates), for squamous-cell carcinoma but was also evident, 20% (-6% to 39%, n = 8), for adenocarcinoma. The risk was 23% (12% to 32%, n = 22) lower for lower tar than higher tar smokers. This reduction, seen in both genders, equates to a 2% to 3% risk reduction per milligram tar per cigarette. The risk was increased by 42% (21% to 66%, n = 15) for handrolled cigarette smoking and 75% (47% to 109%, n = 12) for black tobacco cigarette smoking. These estimates did not depend critically on results from specific studies or the limited confounding adjustment in some studies. Various problems with the epidemiological evidence are discussed, including the difficulty of obtaining compatible exposure indices from each study, the inadequate reporting of data from the largest studies, the likelihood of misreporting of cigarette type, and the inadequate control for nonsmoking confounding variables. Difficulties also arise in adjusting appropriately for aspects of smoking behavior that not only may differ between those choosing to switch or not to switch to lower tar but also may change as a result of switching. The overall data clearly show, however, that lung cancer risk is affected by the type of cigarette smoked. The suggestion that the switch to low tar cigarettes has led to an increase in the smoker/nonsmoker lung cancer relative risk and in the relative frequency of adenocarcinoma versus squamous carcinoma is shown to be weakly based. Although more data are needed relating to modern very-low-tar cigarettes, the evidence is consistent with tar reduction and the switch to filter cigarettes having reduced lung cancer risk. Indeed, the meta-analysis estimates may seriously understate the risk reductions associated with lifetime smoking of low-tar filter cigarettes.

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Cigarette smoking and male lung cancer risk with special regard to type of tobacco

Cited by 29 publications

References 20 publications

A flexible modeling approach to estimating the component effects of smoking behavior on lung cancer

A flexible modeling approach to estimating the component effects of smoking behavior on lung cancer

Filter cigarette smoking and lung cancer risk; a hospital-based case–control study in Japan

Lung Cancer and Type of Cigarette Smoked

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