Cigarette Smoking and Age-Related Macular Degeneration in the EUREYE Study

Chakravarthy, Usha; Augood, C; Bentham, Graham; Jong, Paulus T. V. M. de; Rahu, Mati; Seland, Johan H.; Soubrane, G.; Tomazzoli, Laura; Topouzis, Fotis; Vingerling, Johannes R.; Vioque, Jesús; Young, Ian S.; Fletcher, Astrid

doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.09.022

Cited by 192 publications

(137 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Previous reports have indicated an increase risk and severity of choroidal neovascularization in smokers, 5,7,32 which may be related to nicotine-induced increase in retinal pigment epithelial vascular endothelial growth factor. 48,49 Similarly we observed a strong correlation between increased pack-years and a history of choroidal neovascularization in fellow eyes of those with chronic tobacco smoke exposure, indicating a dose-dependent increased risk of late AMD in smokers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…3,4 Cigarette smoking is a highly prevalent modifiable risk factor for many pulmonary, cardiovascular, and additional systemic diseases. Smoking may be related to the development of AMD, [5][6][7] and has consistently been shown to lead to increased risk of all late forms of AMD. 1,[8][9][10][11][12][13] Smoking has also been demonstrated to increase the risk of choroidal neovascularization owing to polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, 14 or ocular histoplasmosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Smokers may also be at higher risk for the development and severity of choroidal neovascularization. 7,32 We hypothesized that smokers may have distinct choroidal anatomic features that may include an overall thin choroid. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate central macular choroidal thickness among patients with drusen, early-atrophic AMD, and normals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Smoking and choroidal thickness in patients over 65 with early-atrophic age-related macular degeneration and normals

Sigler

Randolph

Calzada

et al. 2014

Eye

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Objective To compare macular choroidal thickness between cigarette smokers, those with a history of smoking, and nonsmokers in patients over 65 years of age with earlyatrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and normals. Methods Prospective, consecutive, observational case series. Enhanced depth imaging spectral domain optical coherence tomography 12-line radial scans were performed and choroidal thickness manually quantified at 84 points in the central 3 mm of the macula. Data of normals, soft drusen alone, and soft drusen with additional features of early AMD were compared. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) model, controlling for age, was constructed to evaluate the effect of smoking history and AMD features on choroidal thickness. Results A history of smoking was significantly associated with a thinner choroid across all patients via logistic regression (P ¼ 0.004; O.R. ¼ 12.4). Mean macular choroidal thickness was thinner for smokers (148±63 mm) than for nonsmokers (181±65 mm) among all diagnosis categories (P ¼ 0.003). Subgroup analysis of patients with AMD features revealed a similar decreased choroidal thickness in smokers (121 ± 41 mm) compared with nonsmokers (146 ± 46 mm, P ¼ 0.006). Bivariate analysis revealed an association between increased pack-years of smoking and a thin choroid across all patients (Po0.001) and among patients with features of early AMD (Po0.001). Both the presence of features of macular degeneration (Po0.001) and a history of smoking (P ¼ 0.024) were associated with decreased choroidal thickness in a MANOVA model. ConclusionChronic cigarette smoke exposure may be associated with decreased choroidal thickness. There may be an anatomic sequelae to chronic tobacco smoke exposure that underlies previously reported AMD risk.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Smoking and choroidal thickness in patients over 65 with early-atrophic age-related macular degeneration and normals

Sigler

Randolph

Calzada

et al. 2014

Eye

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“…Smoking increases the risk for developing AMD (19), and promotes the progression of AMD from the atrophic to the neovascular form (20,21); smoking cessation on the other hand can reduce both disease risk and rate of progression (22). Smoking is thought to contribute to disease mainly by generating oxidative stress in the target tissues by producing free radicals (23) and depleting the antioxidant system (reviewed in Ref.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoke Exposure Causes Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Lipid Accumulation in Retinal Pigment Epithelium through Oxidative Stress and Complement Activation

Kunchithapautham¹,

Atkinson

Rohrer

2014

Journal of Biological Chemistry

132

120

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Background: Smoke components can generate 1) oxidative stress; 2) complement activation; 3) endoplasmic reticulum stress; and 4) lipid dysregulation. Results: In smoke-exposed RPE cells all four measures were activated, and reversed by antioxidants and blocking alternative complement pathway signaling. Conclusion: Oxidative stress and complement act synergistically in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) pathogenesis. Significance: Identifying mechanisms of lipid deposition will aid to develop new therapeutic approaches for AMD.

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“…Despite the low rate of smoking, which is one of the major risk factors for AMD (Hawkins et al, 1999;Chakravarthy et al, 2007;Seddon et al, 2006), almost one-fifth of the patients had features of AMD with a predominance of mild AMD (16%). The higher number of cases with mild AMD could be due to more early elderly patients (mean age of 56 years) in our series, as various studies have reported that the prevalence and severity of AMD increases with ageing (Chaine et al, 1998;Wierzbowska et al,2008;Klein et al, 1992).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitreo-retinal disorders at high altitude in Nepal

Thapa

Poudyal

et al. 2013

Nep J Oph

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Introduction: Nepal has many mountains including the highest one in the world. People living in high altitude are often involved in climbing mountains. Objective: To explore the pattern of vitreo-retinal disorders at high altitude in Nepal. Materials and methods: Consecutive patients aged 40 years and older who presented at the micro-surgical eye camp at Lukla of Solukhumbu district (2,860 metres) were included. Detailed ocular and systemic histories and ocular examination including dilated fundus evaluation were done. Results: There were a total 81 patients with the mean age of 56.7 years (S.D 11.15). Females (51.9 %) outnumbered males. Sherpa comprised of 76.5 % followed by Rai (9.8 %). The main occupation was agriculture (51.9 %) followed by mountain trekking (28.4 %). Smokers comprised of 13.5 %. Hypertension was the predominant systemic problem (28 %). The best corrected visual acuity of 6/18 and better was found in 86.4 % of cases and less than 3/ 60 in 3.6 % of cases. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) was found in 19.6 % of cases with a predominant mild AMD (16 %), hypertensive retinopathy in 12.2 %, with grade I hypertensive change in 8.6 %, retinal vein occlusion (RVO) in 7.1 % of cases and with a branch RVO in 4.9 %. Dilated and tortuous retinal vessels were present in 25.9 % of cases; out of this, 9.8 % of the cases had concurrent AMD and/or hypertensive retinopathy. Other retinal problems were macular hole (2.46 %), solar retinopathy (2.46 %) and choroidal tear (1.2 %). Conclusion: AMD, hypertensive retinopathy, and RVO are the main vitreo-retinal disorders besides the dilated and tortuous retinal vessels in people living at high altitude in Nepal.

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Cigarette Smoking and Age-Related Macular Degeneration in the EUREYE Study

Cited by 192 publications

References 35 publications

Smoking and choroidal thickness in patients over 65 with early-atrophic age-related macular degeneration and normals

Smoking and choroidal thickness in patients over 65 with early-atrophic age-related macular degeneration and normals

Smoke Exposure Causes Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Lipid Accumulation in Retinal Pigment Epithelium through Oxidative Stress and Complement Activation

Vitreo-retinal disorders at high altitude in Nepal

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