Cigarette Smoking Among High School Students Related to Social Class and Parental Smoking Habits

Salber, Eva J.; MacMahon, Brian

doi:10.2105/ajph.51.12.1780

Cited by 72 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…It is well documented that all types of smoking is a risk factor of lung cancer. Salber et al (1961) reported that smoking is the most important environmental risk factor of lung cancer. According to United States Department of Health and Human Services that 90% of all lung cancer is caused by tobacco smoking which includes all types of tobacco use such as active cigarette smoking, shisha, cigar smoking and exposure to second-hand smoke (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1982;1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lung Cancer Knowledge among Secondary School Male Teachers in Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia

Al-Naggar

Kadir

2013

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lung Cancer Knowledge among Secondary School Male Teachers in Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia

Al-Naggar

Kadir

2013

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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“…The interpretation of these studies requires caution: while familial risks are compatible with genetic predisposition, they could reflect common exposures. Smoking is the most important environmental risk factor of lung cancer, and the association between a person's smoking habits and that of his parents or siblings has been well documented (Salber and Macmahon, 1961). Unless adjustment is made for smoking habits, an above-expected incidence of lung cancer in relatives of lung cancer patients may be found, in the absence of any genetic effect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic review of the relationship between family history and lung cancer risk

2005

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We performed a systematic review of 28 case -control, 17 cohort and seven twin studies of the relationship between family history and risk of lung cancer and a meta-analysis of risk estimates. Data from both case -control and cohort studies show a significantly increased lung cancer risk associated with having an affected relative. Risk appears to be greater in relatives of cases diagnosed at a young age and in those with multiple affected family members. Increased lung cancer risk was observed in association with an affected spouse and twin studies, while limited, favour shared environmental exposures. The limitations of the currently published epidemiological studies to infer genetic susceptibility are discussed.

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“…The existence of genetic susceptibility to lung cancer is suggested in a number of familial aggregation studies [4][5][6]8,[15][16][17][18][19] as well as in segregation analyses [20][21][22][23][24] and in a linkage study 25 Familial risks may reflect not only genetic predisposition, but also shared exposures, such as smoking habits, [27][28][29] or exposure to cooking fumes. 7,30 To address this issue, we (i) included only relatives of never-smoking probands; (ii) took into account smoking habits of the relatives, both by controlling for smoking status and by conducting analyses stratified by smoking status.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aggregation of cancer among relatives of never‐smoking lung cancer patients

Gorlova

Weng

Zhang

et al. 2007

Intl Journal of Cancer

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The authors evaluated the familial aggregation of lung and other cancers in first-degree relatives of lung cancer patients selfreported to be lifetime never smokers. The data, derived from a large lung cancer case-control study, included 2,465 first-degree relatives of 316 never smoker lung cancer cases and 2,441 firstdegree relatives of 318 never smoker controls, frequency matched to the cases on age, gender and ethnicity. The median age of the cases and the controls was 61 years, about 2/3 were women, and about 80% were Caucasian. Overall, there was a 25% excess risk [95% CI (1.05-1.50)] of any type of cancer among the first-degree relatives of cases, and case offspring exhibited a 2-fold excess cancer risk (1.03-4.10) compared with control offspring. There was also a 44% excess risk ( Key words: lung cancer; familial aggregation; never smokers Lifetime never smokers with lung cancer likely represent a genetically susceptible subgroup distinct from ever smokers with lung cancer. 1 Familial aggregation may provide indirect evidence for a role of genetic factors in lung cancer susceptibility. The majority of studies that have evaluated familial aggregation in never-smoking lung cancer patients reported increased but not statistically significant lung cancer risk. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Several recent studies that analyzed aggregation of lung cancer in relatives of lung cancer patients reported no increased risk in first-degree relatives of never-smoking lung cancer cases. 8,9 However, one study suggested a significant 6-fold increased lung cancer risk in relatives of younger (40-59 years old) nonsmoking lung cancer patients, yet based on a small number of individuals (47 lung cancer cases and 50 controls). 3 Only a few studies have evaluated occurrence of other specific cancers in relatives of never-smoking lung cancer patients. 7,10,11 We estimated the risk of lung cancer and other cancers in firstdegree relatives of never-smoking lung cancer cases compared with first-degree relatives of matched controls, using self-reported data on family history derived from an ongoing lung cancer casecontrol study, controlling for relatives' smoking status as reported by the proband. Material and methods Subject recruitmentFrom September 1995 through December 2003, patients with lung cancer were accrued for an ongoing and previously described molecular epidemiological study on susceptibility markers for lung cancer from The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. 8,12,13 There were no age, gender, ethnic or stage restrictions. There were 316 patients with histologically confirmed lung cancer, who reported themselves to be lifetime never smokers (defined as those who had smoked less than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime). The response rate for cases was about 80%. The reasons for refusal to participate included patient too ill, patient referred only for second opinion to M. D. Anderson Cancer Center or patient unwilling to donate blood for the study and complete the interview. Healthy controls who were also lifeti...

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Cigarette Smoking Among High School Students Related to Social Class and Parental Smoking Habits

Cited by 72 publications

References 1 publication

Lung Cancer Knowledge among Secondary School Male Teachers in Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia

Lung Cancer Knowledge among Secondary School Male Teachers in Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia

Systematic review of the relationship between family history and lung cancer risk

Aggregation of cancer among relatives of never‐smoking lung cancer patients

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