Cigarette Smoke Regulates the Expression of EYA4 via Alternation of DNA Methylation Status

Abstract

Cigarette SMOKE (CS) considerably contributes to causing some diseases such as cancer, and it has a role in the alternation of gene expression through several mechanisms including epigenetics modification, particularly DNA methylation. EYA4 is one of the genes, that whose expression has been dysregulated in lung, colon, bladder, and breast cancer, leading to tumor progression. The alternation of DNA methylation levels has been implicated in regulating the expression of the EYA4 gene. Thus, in this study, we have shown the effect of CS on the DNA methylation level of the EYA4 promoter region as well as the methylation level on EYA4 expression. To determine the level of DNA methylation on the promoter region of the EYA4 gene, we have employed the bisulfite conversion treatment followed by the Sanger Sequence for 100 DNA samples taken from Saudi people (50 smokers and 50 nonsmokers). We found that 26% of DNA extracted from smoker samples is methylated, while there was no methylation identified in nonsmoker samples. Also, using the demethylating agents such as AZA on LoVo and Caco-2 cancer cell lines causes induction of transcription level of EYA4, implying the possible mechanism of DNA methylation in the upregulation of EYA4. These findings suggest the possible mechanism of CS in controlling the expression of EYA4 via changing the status of DNA methylation.

HSPB6 Is Depleted in Colon Cancer Patients and Its Expression Is Induced by 5-aza-2′-Deoxycytidine In Vitro

“…The PCR conditions were as follows: (1) one cycle at 95 °C for 5 min; (2) thirty-six cycles at 94 °C for 30 s, followed by 30 s at 57 °C and then 30 s at 72 °C; and (3) one cycle for 10 min at 72 °C. Finally, the PCR products were loaded into a 1.5% agarose gel containing 0.5 g/mL ethidium bromide [ 36 ].…”

Retracted: Cigarette Smoke Regulates the Expression of EYA4 via Alternation of DNA Methylation Status

“…This article has been retracted by Hindawi following an investigation undertaken by the publisher [ 1 ]. This investigation has uncovered evidence of one or more of the following indicators of systematic manipulation of the publication process: Discrepancies in scope Discrepancies in the description of the research reported Discrepancies between the availability of data and the research described Inappropriate citations Incoherent, meaningless and/or irrelevant content included in the article Manipulated or compromised peer review …”

“…This article has been retracted by Hindawi following an investigation undertaken by the publisher [1]. This investigation has uncovered evidence of one or more of the following indicators of systematic manipulation of the publication process:…”