Cigarette Smoke Alters Respiratory Syncytial Virus–Induced Apoptosis and Replication

Groskreutz, Dayna J.; Monick, Martha M.; Babor, Ellen C.; Nyunoya, Toru; Varga, Steven M.; Look, Dwight C.; Hunninghake, Gary W.

doi:10.1165/rcmb.2008-0131oc

Cited by 52 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Thus, the effects of cigarette smoke on susceptibility to influenza infection may involve antiviral defense responses of cells local to the airway, such as the host epithelium. Recent evidence suggests that antiviral defense responses, such as virus-induced apoptosis and type I interferon (IFN) signaling, are suppressed in cells exposed acutely to cigarette smoke (10,11). However, whether and how chronic exposure to cigarette smoke affects antiviral defense responses remain unknown.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced Expression of IRF7 in Nasal Epithelial Cells from Smokers after Infection with Influenza

Jaspers

Horvath²,

Zhang³

et al. 2010

Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol

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Smokers are more susceptible to respiratory viral infections, including influenza virus, but the mechanisms mediating this effect are unknown. To determine how epithelial cells contribute to the enhanced susceptibility seen in smokers, we established an in vitro model of differentiated nasal epithelial cells (NECs) from smokers, which showed enhanced mucin expression. The NECs from smokers responded to influenza infection with greater cytotoxicity, release of interleukin-6, and viral shedding than NECs from nonsmokers. Focusing on type I interferon (IFN) expression, we observed that influenza-infected NECs from smokers produced significantly less IFN-a than NECs from nonsmokers. Similarly, the expression of IRF7, a key transcription factor controlling the expression of IFN-a, was significantly decreased in influenza-infected and IFN-b-stimulated NECs from smokers. Furthermore, our data indicate that the DNA methylation of the IRF7 gene and expression of the DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 1 was enhanced in NECs from smokers. To confirm these findings in vivo, we initiated a study in which smoking and nonsmoking healthy volunteers were inoculated nasally with the live-attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vaccine, and nasal biopsies were obtained before and after the administration of LAIV. The LAIVinduced expression of IRF7 was lower in the nasal epithelium from smokers, supporting our in vitro observations. These data demonstrate that infection with influenza results in the reduced expression of transcription factor IRF7 in NECs from smokers, and that these effects may be mediated by an epigenetic modification of the IRF7 gene, thus providing a potential mechanism rendering smokers more susceptible to respiratory virus infections.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced Expression of IRF7 in Nasal Epithelial Cells from Smokers after Infection with Influenza

Jaspers

Horvath²,

Zhang³

et al. 2010

Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol

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“…59,60 These data clearly demonstrate the respiratory risks associated with in utero smoke exposure and reemphasize the priority that should be placed on smoking cessation, especially in pregnant women. 61 Another interesting finding is that almost 40% of the children who required mechanical respiratory support on the day of presentation had difficulty breathing for ,1 day before presentation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Prospective Multicenter Study of Children With Bronchiolitis Requiring Mechanical Ventilation

2012

PEDIATRICS

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Bronchiolitis is one of the most common infectious respiratory conditions of early childhood, and most children have a mild clinical course. Unfortunately, the small subgroup of children requiring continuous positive airway pressure and/or intubation remains ill-defined. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:In children with bronchiolitis, we found several demographic, historical, and clinical factors that predicted the need for mechanical respiratory support including in utero smoke exposure. We also found a novel subgroup of children with bronchiolitis who have a rapid respiratory decline. abstract OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and/or intubation for children with bronchiolitis. METHODS:We performed a 16-center, prospective cohort study of hospitalized children aged ,2 years with bronchiolitis. For 3 consecutive years from November 1 until March 31, beginning in 2007, researchers collected clinical data and a nasopharyngeal aspirate from study participants. We oversampled children from the ICU. Samples of nasopharyngeal aspirate were tested by polymerase chain reaction for 18 pathogens.RESULTS: There were 161 children who required CPAP and/or intubation. The median age of the overall cohort was 4 months; 59% were male; 61% white, 24% black, and 36% Hispanic. In the multivariable model predicting CPAP/intubation, the significant factors were: age ,2 months (odds ratio [OR] 4.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7-11.5), maternal smoking during pregnancy (OR 1.4; 95% CI 1.1-1.9), birth weight ,5 pounds (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.0-2.6), breathing difficulty began ,1 day before admission (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.2-2.1), presence of apnea (OR 4.8; 95% CI 2.5-8.5), inadequate oral intake (OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.3-4.3), severe retractions (OR 11.1; 95% CI 2.4-33.0), and room air oxygen saturation ,85% (OR 3.3; 95% CI 2.0-4.8). The optimism-corrected c-statistic for the final model was 0.80. CONCLUSIONS:In this multicenter study of children hospitalized with bronchiolitis, we identified several demographic, historical, and clinical factors that predicted the use of CPAP and/or intubation, including children born to mothers who smoked during pregnancy. We also identified a novel subgroup of children who required mechanical respiratory support ,1 day after respiratory symptoms began.

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“…For instance, viral replication of the respiratory syncytial virus has been reported to increase in cell cultures previously exposed to cigarette smoke extract (26). Additionally, cigarette smoke reduces the expression of interferon-inducible genes, Adjusted for the variables of smoking (yes/no), sex (male/female) and age ≥40 years (yes/no) through the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel method.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking and female sex as key risk factors associated with severe arthralgia in acute and chronic phases of Chikungunya virus infection

Delgado‐Enciso

Paz‐Michel²,

Melnikov

et al. 2017

Exp Ther Med

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Abstract. Arthralgia is a potentially incapacitating condition and a persistent symptom in chronic or acute episodes of Chikungunya fever caused by infection with the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports on risk factors associated with the intensity of arthralgias in typical acute episodes of the disease. Although a number of studies have reported on risk factors associated with the development of the chronic stage of the disease, smoking habits have not been analyzed. Smoking is an interesting factor to consider since it is the main environmental risk factor for the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a similar disease to CHIKV in many aspects. In the present study, 140 patients infected with CHIKV were assessed for risk factors associated with severe arthralgia intensity in the acute phase (pain of 9/10 on the visual analog scale of 0-10) and moderate to severe intensity (according to the Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data 3) 3.5 months after infection in patients that experienced the chronic phase of the disease. Women and smokers were 2-to 3-times more likely to experience severe pain in the acute and chronic stages. Likewise, the presence of severe arthralgia during the acute disease phase resulted in a 4-fold increased risk for entering the chronic phase. Smoking was a more important risk factor in males compared with females. Smoking resulted in a 20-fold increased risk for severe arthralgia during the acute phase in men, as well as a 10-fold increased risk for developing chronic disease with moderate-to-severe pain 3.5 months after the acute stage. The presence of rash, headache, muscular weakness or conjunctivitis in the acute phase, the presence of diabetes and age >40 years were considered significant risk factors due to their influence on illness progression. In conclusion, smoking and female sex were the main risk factors associated with development of severe joint pain in the acute and chronic phases of Chikungunya fever. These risk factors are similar to those associated with the development and severity of RA, possibly because the two diseases share pathophysiological mechanisms, including elevated interleukin-6 levels.

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Cigarette Smoke Alters Respiratory Syncytial Virus–Induced Apoptosis and Replication

Cited by 52 publications

References 43 publications

Reduced Expression of IRF7 in Nasal Epithelial Cells from Smokers after Infection with Influenza

Reduced Expression of IRF7 in Nasal Epithelial Cells from Smokers after Infection with Influenza

Prospective Multicenter Study of Children With Bronchiolitis Requiring Mechanical Ventilation

Smoking and female sex as key risk factors associated with severe arthralgia in acute and chronic phases of Chikungunya virus infection

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