Cigarette Filter–based Assays as Proxies for Toxicant Exposure and Smoking Behavior—A Literature Review

Pauly, John L.; O’Connor, Richard J.; Paszkiewicz, Geraldine; Cummings, K. Michael; Djordjevic, Mirjana V.; Shields, Peter G.

doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0925

Cited by 34 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 67 publications

(72 reference statements)

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“…Humans smoke their cigarettes differently from a standard smoking machine (Borgerding & Klus 2005); thus, smoking topography (i.e., total puff volume, puff count, puff velocity, duration of puff and puff interval) would be a more appropriate method to estimate any possible change in smoking behaviour (Pauly et al 2009;Mariner & Shepperd 2011).…”

Section: Effect Of the Band On Mainstream Smoke Yieldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The science behind the development and performance of reduced ignition propensity cigarettes

et al. 2016

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A burning cigarette is a known cause of fire when mishandled. Studies into cigarette ignition propensity intensified after the US Cigarette Fire Safety Act of 1984. Extensive research has investigated the thermal properties of a smouldering cigarette, mostly away from any object of thermal contact or interference. To understand fire ignition, the thermophysics of cigarette's burning tip has also been examined with and without a contact substrate. In either free or contact smouldering cases, oxygen diffusion through the cigarette wrapping paper has been found to be an important parameter controlling the rate of burn and the energy released. Research by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology led to a standardized test method to determine cigarette ignition propensity, and eventually regulations enforcing Reduced Ignition Propensity (RIP) cigarettes have been passed in all US states and other countries. Among the physical parameters of a burning cigarette related to its thermal energy release, circumferential bands applied to the cigarette wrapping paper that reduce air permeability or diffusivity during smouldering have become the main approach to produce commercial RIP cigarettes. Studies have been performed to ensure that RIP cigarettes have equivalent or lower mainstream smoke yields and biological activities as compared with their conventional non-RIP equivalents. The effects of the paper band properties (width, gap between the bands, type as well as the amount of the material applied) have been studied systematically to establish a manufacturability window. Studies on human smoking behaviour confirmed that RIP cigarettes matched closely their predecessors. The bands, as intended, alter the combustion temperatures during cigarette smouldering within the band. Further research into the interaction of RIP cigarettes with different types of commercial upholstery fabrics and materials should help to understand its mechanism of action in support of emerging postimplementation fire statistics.

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Section: Effect Of the Band On Mainstream Smoke Yieldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The science behind the development and performance of reduced ignition propensity cigarettes

et al. 2016

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“…A literature review conducted by PAULY et al (6) highlighted the fact that all the research identified using filter based assays was performed exclusively using cigarettes with cellulose acetate filters. There were no published studies which incorporated RRPs or other smoking articles (e.g., electrically heated cigarettes).…”

Section: Resumementioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Models for the Estimation of Mouth Level Exposure to Aerosol Constituents from a Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco Product Using Mouthpiece Analysis

Poget

Campelos

Jeannet

et al. 2017

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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SUMMARYPhilip Morris International has developed a heat-not-burn tobacco heating system (THS 2.2) that produces an aerosol without combustion. Adult smokers are anticipated to use the product with differing behaviors, such as puffing volume or puffing frequency, therefore it was important to find an easy way to study how users are exposed to the aerosol constituents. Thus, the intended outcome of this study was to propose and assess a simple approach for the estimation of THS users' exposure to harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs). THS operates using tobacco sticks (HeatSticks) that include a mouthpiece and a tobacco plug which, when heated, generates an aerosol. The analysis of nicotine retained in the mouthpiece of the HeatSticks during use was identified as a potential approach to estimate users' mouth level exposure (MLE) to HPHCs. Consequently, the following study was conducted with the objectives 1.) to assess the correlation between the quantity of retained nicotine in the mouthpiece (Nicotine MP) of the HeatSticks and the nicotine delivered in the aerosol of machine-smoked products, 2.) to verify the practical range for Nicotine MP based on the analysis of used HeatSticks left by THS users, and 3.) to develop models describing the relationship between Nicotine MP and specific aerosol constituents measured in the aerosol of machine-smoked products. The regular non-mentholated HeatSticks variant was machine-smoked under various smoking regimens to cover the range of anticipated human puffing behaviors. The suitability of this practical range of machine-smoking conditions was verified by collecting used HeatSticks from two different trials conducted with THS users. The determined Nicotine MP distribution indicated that the machinesmoked regimens encompassed the range observed for users. Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) combined with a stepwise approach was used for selecting models describing the relationship between Nicotine MP and specific aerosol constituents. The stepwise approach interactively explores which amongst various tested predictors provides a good fit. The developed models showed good adjusted coefficients of determination (i.e., R 2 adj. $ 0.75) for 28 out of the 43 investigated HPHCs. Previously published studies showed that actual MLE can be estimated from cigarette filter analysis. This study demonstrated that the analysis of nicotine in THS mouthpiece (filter section) corresponded to an estimation of the upper limits of MLE, in line with maximum possible usage conditions. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 27 (2017) 42-64]

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“…Nevertheless, it is possible that the artificial feel of smoking topography devices alters puffing topography and/or smoking topography. To determine more accurately MLE to mainstream cigarette smoke in natural settings, the analysis of spent cigarette butts has been described as the least invasive of the methods mentioned above (9)(10)(11)(12). The basic principle is that the amount of "tar" and nicotine that emerge from the filter are proportional to the amounts trapped in the part-filter section.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Nicotine Exposure From Active Human Cigarette Smoking Time

Cahours¹,

Julien²,

Verron³

et al. 2017

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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SUMMARYThe burning of a cigarette is a series of consecutive sequences of both passive and active burnings when a smoking cycle is applied to the cigarette. A previous study, using a smoking machine, showed that cigarette nicotine yields are dependent linearly on the difference between the time of smouldering (passive burning) and the time of smoking (active burning). It is predicted that the smoker's nicotine yield increases when the intensity of smoking increases, i.e., when the time to smoke a cigarette (smoking time) decreases. Note that observations made on machines might not be comparable to human behaviours. The aim of this study was to determine whether nicotine mouth-level exposure could be predicted through measurement of human smoking time. A smoking behaviour study was conducted to compare human smoking nicotine yields obtained from both filter tip analysis and the cigarette burning time model. Results showed that smokers' exposure to the smoke depends essentially on the speed at which the cigarette is smoked. An increase in human smoking intensity, resulting in a decrease in smoking time, generates an increase in smoke exposure, whatever the puff number, puff duration, puff volume and filter ventilation (open or blocked). The association of a machine smoking yield with a corresponding smoking time, and the time taken by a consumer to smoke the cigarette would provide information on the exposure to smoke constituents in a simple and effective manner. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 27 (2017)

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Cigarette Filter–based Assays as Proxies for Toxicant Exposure and Smoking Behavior—A Literature Review

Cited by 34 publications

References 67 publications

The science behind the development and performance of reduced ignition propensity cigarettes

The science behind the development and performance of reduced ignition propensity cigarettes

Development of Models for the Estimation of Mouth Level Exposure to Aerosol Constituents from a Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco Product Using Mouthpiece Analysis

Assessment of Nicotine Exposure From Active Human Cigarette Smoking Time

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