2000
DOI: 10.1902/jop.2000.71.12.1874
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Cigar, Pipe, and Cigarette Smoking as Risk Factors for Periodontal Disease and Tooth Loss

Abstract: The results suggest that cigar and pipe smoking may have similar adverse effects on periodontal health and tooth loss as cigarette smoking. Smoking cessation efforts should be considered as a means of improving periodontal health and reducing tooth loss in heavy smokers of cigarettes, cigars, and pipes with periodontal disease.

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Cited by 329 publications
(284 citation statements)
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“…This finding agrees with those of several earlier studies [1][2][3][4]6,8,11,15,16,22,23) . From cross-sectional epidemiological observations, Bergström 6) found that subjects with lifelong exposure to smoking had on average lost a greater number of teeth compared with subjects with low exposure to smoking.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 94%
“…This finding agrees with those of several earlier studies [1][2][3][4]6,8,11,15,16,22,23) . From cross-sectional epidemiological observations, Bergström 6) found that subjects with lifelong exposure to smoking had on average lost a greater number of teeth compared with subjects with low exposure to smoking.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 94%
“…Smoking is one of the most important risk factors for periodontal disease 13,14) . In this study, subjects who smoked had a significantly higher risk not only for having deep periodontal pockets, but also for having decayed teeth, compared with nonsmoking subjects.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Cigar smoke contains significantly higher concentrations of toxic and carcinogenic compounds than cigarettes (Baker et al, 2000). Compared with never smokers, pipe and cigar smokers have been found to be at significantly higher risk for a variety of health problems including coronary heart disease, stroke, lung cancer, bladder cancer, periodontal disease, and tooth loss (Albandar, Streckfus, Adesanya, & Winn, 2000;Boffetta et al, 1999;Higgins, Mahan, & Wynder, 1988;Jacobs, Thun, & Apicella, 1999;Krall, Garvey, & Garcia, 1999;Pitard et al, 2001;Shaper et al, 2003;Shapiro, Jacobs, & Thun, 2000;Wald & Watt, 1997).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%