Cicero on Politics and the Limits of Reason

Atkins, Jed W.

doi:10.1017/cbo9781107338722

Cited by 125 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Results from the pilot scheme in Edinburgh indicated an overall reduction in speed of 1.9 mph on roads where 20-mph limits were implemented. 33 In Portsmouth this figure was 1.3 mph, 20 and the figures for two pilot areas in Bristol were 1.4 mph and 0.9 mph. 34 If these speed reductions were observed in future 20-mph speed limit implementation areas, it would be reasonable to assume a potential decrease in casualties of between 6% and 12%.…”

Section: Road Casualtiesmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…17 Implementing 20-mph speed limits in the UK is becoming increasingly common. 18,19 For example, citywide 20-mph speed restrictions were introduced in Portsmouth 20 and Bristol, 21 and other local authorities have introduced 20-mph restrictions on a smaller, more localised scale on a pilot basis (see Cleland et al 22 for a summary).…”

Section: Transport and Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pre implementation and process of adopting the 20 9 Responses to 20-mph speed limit traffic-related outcomes (negative outcomes) TABLE 10 Summary statistics of (7-day) average vehicle volume per site TABLE 11 Speed bin summaries showing the percentage of observations (n = 12,672) in four speed bins (ranges) before and after the 20-mph speed limit implementation FIGURE 11 Timeline (1993-2019 of Scottish media coverage by themes in the policy stream FIGURE 12 Timeline (1993-2019 of Scottish media coverage by themes in the politics stream FIGURE 13 Themes within the problem, policy and politics streams from Scottish news articles, 1993-2019 FIGURE 14 Box plots of each perception factor at baseline and at 6 and 12 months FIGURE 15 Box plots for before-and-after speed distributions using the combined records for all 66 monitored streets FIGURE 16 Histogram of average speeds on 20-mph streets in Edinburgh for each of the 66 monitored sites (n = 12,672 observations): (a) before 20-mph speed limits; and (b) after 20-mph speed limits FIGURE 17 (a) Average speeds on 20-mph streets in Edinburgh, with time of day as a continuous variable (from 00:00 to 23:45 by 15-minute intervals); and (b) percentage difference in average speeds before and after implementation FIGURE 18 Final iteration of the programme theory Road traffic collision When personal injury is caused to a person other than the driver of the vehicle, damage is caused to another vehicle or damage is caused to property or animals. For the 20-mph speed limit evaluation we have chosen to use road traffic collision rather than road traffic accident.…”

Section: Introduction Principal Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Developing and implementing 20-mph speed limits in Edinburgh and Belfast: mixed-methods study

et al. 2022

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Background Transport initiatives such as 20-mph (≈30-km/h) speed limits are anticipated to result in fewer road casualties and improve perceptions of safety, leading to increases in active travel. Lower speeds may also lead to more pleasant environments in which to live, work and play. Objectives The main objective was to evaluate and understand the processes and effects of developing and implementing 20-mph speed limits in Edinburgh and Belfast. The focus was on health-related outcomes (casualties and active travel) that may lead to public health improvements. An additional objective was to investigate the political and policy factors (conditions) that led to the decision to introduce the new speed limits. Design This was a mixed-methods study that comprised an outcome, process, policy and economic evaluation of two natural experiments. Setting The study was set in Edinburgh, Scotland, and Belfast, Northern Ireland, from 2000 to 2018. Participants The whole population of each city were participants, as well as stakeholders involved in implementation and decision-making processes. Intervention The intervention was the implementation of 20-mph legislation, signage, enforcement, and education and awareness-raising in Edinburgh (citywide) and Belfast (city centre). Main outcome measures The main outcomes measured were speed; number, type and severity of road collisions; perceptions; and liveability. Data sources The following data sources were used – routinely and locally collected quantitative data for speed, volume of traffic, casualties and collisions, and costs; documents and print media; surveys; interviews and focus groups; and Google Street View (Google Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA). Results Collisions and casualties – the overall percentage reduction in casualty rates was 39% (the overall percentage reduction in collision rates was 40%) in Edinburgh. The percentage reduction for each level of severity was 23% for fatal casualties, 33% for serious casualties and 37% for minor casualties. In Belfast there was a 2% reduction in casualties, reflecting differences in the size, reach and implementation of the two schemes. Perceptions – in Edinburgh there was an increase in two factors (support for 20 mph and rule-following after implementation) supported by the qualitative data. Liveability – for both cities, there was a small statistical increase in liveability. Speed – mean and median speeds reduced by 1.34 mph and 0.47 mph, respectively, at 12 months in Edinburgh, with no statistically significant changes in Belfast. History, political context, local policy goals, local priorities and leadership influenced decision-making and implementation in the two cities. Limitations There was no analysis of active travel outcomes because the available data were not suitable. Conclusions The pre-implementation period is important. It helps frame public and political attitudes. The scale of implementation and additional activities in the two cities had a bearing on the impacts. The citywide approach adopted by Edinburgh was effective in reducing speeds and positively affected a range of public health outcomes. The city-centre approach in Belfast (where speeds were already low) was less effective. However, the main outcome of these schemes was a reduction in road casualties at all levels of severity. Future work Future work should develop a statistical approach to public health interventions that incorporates variables from multiple outcomes. In this study, each outcome was analysed independently of each other. Furthermore, population measures of active travel that can be administered simply, inexpensively and at scale should be developed. Study registration This study is registered as ISRCTN10200526. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme and will be published in full in Public Health Research; Vol. 10, No. 9. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

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Section: Road Casualtiesmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Transport and Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introduction Principal Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Developing and implementing 20-mph speed limits in Edinburgh and Belfast: mixed-methods study

et al. 2022

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“…Some scholars, in favour of the aristocratic explanation, dismiss the people's power as a deceptive appearance, while the others, in favour of a "democratic" 3 explanation, defend the authenticity of the political power of Roman people in politics 4 . It is interesting that currently, the "democratic" explanation seems to take the upper hand in academia, as Morstein-Marx, one of the most notable contributors of this debate, had adjusted his position to the "democratic" explanation 5 . This essay does not intend to systematically address the key questions of this debate, but aims to answer a particular question of how Commoda Romani Populi represented by "Roman constitution" was applied in the real political practice, more specifically speaking, how the modern conception of government: "Government of the People, by the People, for the People" could be applied to the political practice of late Roman Republic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Commoda Romani Populi and the Practice of Late Roman Politics

Zhang

2023

CHR

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Commoda Romani Populi(public interest) played a prominent role in the political practice in Republican Rome. This preliminary study aims to provide an overview of the role of Commoda Romani Populi in Roman political culture and its political performance. The latest scholarships have shown that the Roman people played a far more critical role in politics than previous scholars thought. Thus it is necessary to reinterpret the role of the Roman people in politics. This essay adopts the theories of Almond and Verba to claim that the majority of Roman people in Rome was not simply politically passive at all time. When political elites have severe lapses in promoting the public interest, their level of political engagement can be dramatically be motivated that finally forces political elites to consider public opinion and hold their behaviours responsible. Moreover, this essay also offers a brief examination of how Commoda Romani Populi was perceived, reinterpreted and manipulated when there was a strong disagreement between political elites and Roman people during the late Roman Republic. Finally, this study argues that the Commoda Romani Populi has a real cultural and practical influence on public affairs instead of being an empty slogan.

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“…Sallust believed that the decline of the Republic was a natural consequence of deviating from the moral way of life cherished by the ancestors. 65 This view was typical of the Roman elite, which "interpreted political success and failure in uncompromisingly moral terms," 66 while often referring to the elusive mos maiorum. The tendency to look up to the "great past" and "great ancestors" appears on the one had to be a common topos, an almost universal human sentiment, yet on the other, to be a specifically aristocratic and conservative notion.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Polish Nobility’s “Golden Freedom”: On the Ancient Roots of a Political Idea

Filonik

2015

The European Legacy

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This essay traces the Greek and Roman roots of Polish sixteenth-to eighteenth-century political thought by discussing the Polish nobility's concept of the "Golden Freedom" (L. aurea libertas). By focusing on the Roman and the Greek concepts of liberty and the mixed constitution, it argues that the Golden Freedom, a notion central to the Polish-Lithuanian nobility's self-identification, was based on Roman political ideals and practices that were incompatible with the political reality of the Commonwealth. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is usually associated with the practice of liberum veto (in Polish Nie pozwalam!) and the "Sarmatian" dispute rather than with the rich range of its political thought. Established by the Union of Lublin in 1569, the Commonwealth enjoyed a Golden Age in the early seventeenth century and was then virtually annihilated by the Third Partition of Poland in 1795. Yet the Commonwealth survived as a political entity for over two centuries despite the political and social changes that beset it. 1 Within this period, there emerged a set of political values of the enfranchised nobility that has bequeathed to us a considerable number of sources, including political and moral writings, which are not studied or discussed as often as the political practice of this period. The aim of this essay is first to analyze how the pivotal ideal of the Golden Freedom invoked its Roman republican roots and then to clarify how this ideal differed from both the Roman and the Greek concepts of freedom, a point that is only cursorily treated in the history of ideas. The Polish culture of the Commonwealth, often referred to as "Sarmatism" (or "Sarmatianism"), the word used by the nobility to describe themselves as the descendants of the ancient Sarmatians, is probably best known from Jan Chryzostom Pasek's diaries (c. 1636-1701) and Wacław Potocki's poetry (c. 1621-96). The nobility's socio-political identity thus developed from the peculiar myth of origins referring to the belligerent tribe that throughout antiquity inhabited southwestern Asia and parts of the Balkans (ancient Scythia). Situated on the dividing line of East and West, this

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Cicero on Politics and the Limits of Reason

Cited by 125 publications

References 0 publications

Developing and implementing 20-mph speed limits in Edinburgh and Belfast: mixed-methods study

Developing and implementing 20-mph speed limits in Edinburgh and Belfast: mixed-methods study

Commoda Romani Populi and the Practice of Late Roman Politics

The Polish Nobility’s “Golden Freedom”: On the Ancient Roots of a Political Idea

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