Chronometric evidence for the dual-process mental model theory of conditional

Vergauwe, Evie; Gauffroy, Caroline; Morsanyi, Kinga; Dagry, Isabelle; Barrouillet, Pierre

doi:10.1080/20445911.2012.744743

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…If it rained then it was cold has the mental model: rain cold However, deliberation can lead to its fully explicit models [71,128], which are summarized in Table 1 in main text: rain cold not-rain not-cold not-rain cold…”

Section: Box 3 Mental Models Of Conditionalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Logic, probability, and human reasoning

Johnson‐Laird¹,

Khemlani²,

Goodwin³

2015

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

198

152

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Section: Box 3 Mental Models Of Conditionalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Logic, probability, and human reasoning

Johnson‐Laird¹,

Khemlani²,

Goodwin³

2015

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

198

152

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“…We have recently suggested to account for the development of conditional by reinterpreting the developmental mental model theories of conditional (Barrouillet & Lecas, 1998;Markovits & Barrouillet, 2002) within a dual-process framework (Gauffroy & Barrouillet, 2009, 2014aVergauwe, Gauffroy, Morsanyi, Dagry, & Barrouillet, 2013). We assume that, when understanding a conditional sentence of the form If p then q, Type 1 heuristic processes deliver a default model representing the relation between the antecedent and the consequent (i.e., a mental model of the form p q).…”

Section: The Suppositional Conditional and Its Putative Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probability in reasoning: A developmental test on conditionals

Barrouillet

Gauffroy

2015

Cognition

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a b s t r a c tProbabilistic theories have been claimed to constitute a new paradigm for the psychology of reasoning. A key assumption of these theories is captured by what they call the Equation, the hypothesis that the meaning of the conditional is probabilistic in nature and that the probability of If p then q is the conditional probability, in such a way that P(if p then q) = P(q|p). Using the probabilistic truth-table task in which participants are required to evaluate the probability of If p then q sentences, the present study explored the pervasiveness of the Equation through ages (from early adolescence to adulthood), types of conditionals (basic, causal, and inducements) and contents. The results reveal that the Equation is a late developmental achievement only endorsed by a narrow majority of educated adults for certain types of conditionals depending on the content they involve. Agerelated changes in evaluating the probability of all the conditionals studied closely mirror the development of truth-value judgements observed in previous studies with traditional truth-table tasks. We argue that our modified mental model theory can account for this development, and hence for the findings related with the probability task, which do not consequently support the probabilistic approach of human reasoning over alternative theories.

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“…The ''false'' judgement of the TF case might be the result of two different processes. Either it results directly from the initial model and a classification time as short as the classification time for TT as ''true'' is expected, or it is concluded only after a fleshing out process that the TF case does not match any of the models (Vergauwe, Gauffroy, Morsanyi, Dagry, & Barrouillet, 2013).…”

Section: Classification Timesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Participants with a defective biconditional interpretation (TFFI), however, classify the FF case as ''irrelevant'' and the FT case as ''false'', both judgements being based on the construction of only two models (A C and A C). Classification times of these cases should therefore not differ from each other (Vergauwe et al, 2013).…”

Section: Classification Timesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Truth table task: Working memory load, latencies, and perceived relevance

Sevenants

Dieussaert

Schaeken

2013

Journal of Cognitive Psychology

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The aim of the present study is to uncover the relation between cognitive ability and the answer patterns yielded by the truth table task. According to the Classical Mental Models Theory, people with high working memory capacity answer according to two-valued or 'logical' answer patterns. The Suppositional Theory and the Revised Mental Models Theory predict that the answer patterns given by the most intelligent ones are three-valued or 'defective'. Correlations are examined, and in three experiments it is tested with a dual task paradigm whether a differential working memory load alters participants' answer patterns. A positive correlation is observed between cognitive ability and three-valued answer patterns, but no effect of the working memory load manipulation is revealed. With an inspection of the classification times we shed light on the processes underlying truth table judgments. We conclude that the Revised Mental Models Theory provides the best account for our results. . Introduction The meaning of 'If'The word "if" is everywhere in our daily language and in all thinkable contexts: promises, threats, commitments, etc. It enables us to engage in hypothetical thinking, to reflect on the implications of what may come, could have been or will be. We are very used to conditionals in our daily communication and seem to have no problem at all understanding them. When a little boy is told by his mother at the doctor's examination table: "If you're quiet now, you'll get an ice cream when it's over", even at young age he is able to grasp the meaning of this.Mothers tend to keep their promises, so being quiet now leads to ice cream later. But what happens when the boy starts screaming? Is there a chance that he might get an ice cream anyway? Since conditionals are extremely widely used in our communication and make up a key factor of our reasoning and decision making, it's very important to know exactly how people understand and interpret them. The TT case and the TF case (1 and 2) are referred to as the true-antecedent cases and the FT and FF case (3 and 4) as the false-antecedent cases (FA cases in the remainder of the text).In the experiments described in the present manuscript we will only make use of socalled basic conditionals, comparable to the one in the example above. Such conditionals concern abstract relationships and are indicative in form, making claims that could apparently be empirically verified and in which content effects and the influence of background knowledge are controlled for. The Mental Models Theories and the Suppositional Theory Truth Table Task JudgmentsThere has been substantial debate in reasoning literature concerning the processes and representations underlying people's understanding of conditional assertions. Two main theories accounting for the mental representation of conditionals are the Classical Mental Models Theory (C-MMT; Johnson-Laird & Byrne, 1991; 2002; Johnson-Laird, Byrne, & Schaeken, 1992) and the Suppositional Theory (ST; Evans & Over, 2004; Evans, Handley, ...

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Chronometric evidence for the dual-process mental model theory of conditional

Cited by 7 publications

References 21 publications

Logic, probability, and human reasoning

Logic, probability, and human reasoning

Probability in reasoning: A developmental test on conditionals

Truth table task: Working memory load, latencies, and perceived relevance

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