Chronology of<i>Jihadism</i>in Western Europe 1994–2007: Planned, Prepared, and Executed Terrorist Attacks

Nesser, Petter

doi:10.1080/10576100802339185

Cited by 35 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…The direct military participation of Western forces against Muslim insurgents no doubt fuels perceptions that 'we are at war' and enables terrorists to view their actions in this light (BBC News, 2005). Indeed, Nesser (2008a) points out that it was only after the invasion of Iraq that the jihadis widened their sights to include Western countries other than their 'traditional' enemies of the United States and France. In this sense Iraq represents a turning point, whereby the spurious nature of the grounds for invasion combined with high-profile scandals that amount to war-crimes (e.g.…”

Section: Western Foreign Policy and Iraqmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Nesser (2008a) lists 52 allegedly planned or successful attacks between 2002 and 2007 in Europe alone, although a number of these are unconfirmed reports or did not result in charges. At least 16 such cases occurred in the United States during that time, plus one apiece in Canada and Australia, and a further five planned or attempted attacks in Europe in 2008 can be added to this number.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Iraq versus lack of integration: understanding the motivations of contemporary Islamist terrorists in Western countries

Mullins

2012

Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression

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Despite being nearly 10 years into the 'Global War on Terror' there is still confusion as to what motivates the perpetrators of terrorist attacks, particularly those in the West. This article gives an overview of 'home-grown' jihadi activities in the West and examines the range of driving forces cited by and attributed to them. It aims to clarify the relative contributions of local inequalities, global political events such as the occupation of Iraq, religious beliefs and social processes as motivating factors. Implications for theories of terrorism and for counter-terrorism strategies are discussed.

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Section: Western Foreign Policy and Iraqmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Iraq versus lack of integration: understanding the motivations of contemporary Islamist terrorists in Western countries

Mullins

2012

Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression

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“…Further, most Western countries changed their counterterrorism laws and increased their spending on counterterrorism measures after the 9/11 attacks, which, ceteris paribus, should make the number of terrorist attacks drop. 3 Instead of looking at the actual attacks, one might, counterfactually, analyze how many terrorist attacks would have happened had it not been for the increased (Bakker, 2006;Nesser, 2008;Taillander, 2001), government reports (US State Department, 1996), Web searches, and searches of newspaper archives (LexisNexis, 2008). The cases have been through a conservative vetting process, excluding those without adequate documentation of events, plots, and perpetrators.…”

Section: Dynamics Of Asymmetric Conflictmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transnational dynamics and Islamist terrorism in the West

Harrow

2010

Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict

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In most contemporary Islamist terrorist plots in the West, we suspect a transnational component. This study attempts to identify and quantify this component. The author has created a data set of Islamist terrorist attacks, and foiled and failed plots in the West as well as against Western targets outside the West, from 1989 to 2008. From similar findings in studies of left-wing terrorism of the 1960s and 1970s, a contagion effect from terrorism outside the West to inside the West is expected. Using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, this paper finds a very strong relation between terrorism against Western targets abroad and terrorism in the West, with a 2-year time lag. This relation proves robust even when controlling for the effect of the two Gulf wars and the war in Afghanistan. Surprisingly, no statistically significant effect from these three wars can be identified on the level of terrorism in the West. Instead, the wars apparently had a significant effect on the level of terrorism against Western targets outside the West, thereby possibly indirectly affecting the level of Islamist terrorism in the West.

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“…15 However, the group's organizational ambiguity and the fact that it proved capable of deadly violence despite its participants' lack of (significant) paramilitary training or experience, allow comparisons to be drawn with a subset of European homegrown jihadist groups that shared these characteristics. 16 Furthermore, the similarities between the Hofstadgroup's …”

Section: The Hofstadgroupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Influences on Involvement in European Homegrown Jihadism: A Case Study

Schuurman

Bakker

Eijkman

2016

Terrorism and Political Violence

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This article empirically assesses the applicability of structural-level hypotheses for involvement in terrorism within the context of European homegrown jihadism. It uses these hypotheses to study how structural factors influenced involvement in the Dutch "Hofstadgroup." Structural factors enabled the group's emergence and its participants' adoption of extremist views. They also motivated involvement in political violence and a shift in some participants' focus from joining Islamist insurgents overseas to committing terrorism in the Netherlands. Finally, structural factors precipitated an actual terrorist attack. No support is found for the frequently encountered argument that discrimination and exclusion drive involvement in European homegrown jihadism. Instead, geopolitical grievances were prime drivers of this process.

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Chronology ofJihadismin Western Europe 1994–2007: Planned, Prepared, and Executed Terrorist Attacks

Cited by 35 publications

References 1 publication

Iraq versus lack of integration: understanding the motivations of contemporary Islamist terrorists in Western countries

Iraq versus lack of integration: understanding the motivations of contemporary Islamist terrorists in Western countries

Transnational dynamics and Islamist terrorism in the West

Structural Influences on Involvement in European Homegrown Jihadism: A Case Study

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