Chronologically scheduled snacking with high-protein products within the habitual diet in type-2 diabetes patients leads to a fat mass loss: a longitudinal study

Abstract

BackgroundObesity is the most relevant overnutrition disease worldwide and is associated to different metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes. Low glycemic load foods and diets and moderately high protein intake have been shown to reduce body weight and fat mass, exerting also beneficial effects on LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride concentrations, postprandial glucose curve and HDL-cholesterol levels. The present study aimed at studying the potential functionality of a series of low glycemic index products with moderately high protein content, as possible coadjuvants in the control of type-2 diabetes and weight management following a chronologically planned snacking offer (morning and afternoon).MethodsThe current trial followed a single group, sequential, longitudinal design, with two consecutive periods of 4 weeks each. A total of 17 volunteers participated in the study. The first period was a free living period, with volunteers' habitual ad libitum dietary pattern, while the second period was a free-living period with structured meal replacements at breakfast, morning snack and afternoon snack, which were exchanged by specific products with moderately high protein content and controlled low glycemic index, following a scheduled temporal consumption. Blood extractions were performed at the beginning and at the end of each period (free-living and intervention). Parameters analysed were: fasting glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, total-, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, C - reactive protein and Homocysteine concentrations. Postprandial glucose and insulin were also measured. Anthropometrical parameters were monitored each 2 weeks during the whole study.ResultsA modest but significant (p = 0.002) reduction on body weight (1 kg) was observed during the intervention period, mainly due to the fat mass loss (0.8 kg, p = 0.02). This weight reduction was observed without apparently associated changes in total energy intake. None of the biochemical biomarkers measured was altered throughout the whole study.ConclusionsSmall changes in the habitual dietary recommendations in type-2 diabetes patients by the inclusion of specific low-glycemic, moderately high-protein products in breakfast, morning and afternoon snacks may promote body weight and fat-mass loss, without apparently altering biochemical parameters and cardiovascular risk-related factors.Trial RegistrationTrial registered at clinicaltrials.gov NCT01264523.

Dietary protein in weight management: a review proposing protein spread and change theories

“…Multiple studies in this review (Table 3) showed 0.8-3.3 g/kg/day greater fat loss in higher protein participants over 4–26 wk when change from habitual intake was 20.2%-35.3% [11,32,38,43]. There appeared to be three outliers in Table 3[22,33,35].…”

“…Including weight maintenance studies would introduce a brief period where participants’ metabolisms had to adjust to an atypical intake, making “habitual protein intake” leading into the protein intervention difficult to define. Only two cross-over studies [38,56] were designed such that the habitual intake of participants prior to intervention could be determined and thus could be included in the change analysis. See the legend of Table 1 for more on study categorization.…”

Effects of a Macro-Nutrient Preload on Type 2 Diabetic Patients

“…In a 28-day high-protein low-GI diet intervention program, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were significantly reduced ( 43 ). But in another study, these lipid parameters did not change after 4 weeks of high-protein low-GI diets intervention ( 27 ). Our results suggest that Inzone Preload reduces total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol.…”

“…Compared to the non-responding subgroup at baseline, the responding subgroup had a shorter duration of diabetes, higher HOMA-β level, indicating that Inzone preload may be more beneficial in less advanced diabetes. A decrease in postprandial glucose by a macro-nutrient preload might be explained by the Incretin response where increased GLP-1 can affect plasma insulin and insulin sensitivity ( 27 ). Our data also suggest that preload induced changes in 2 h-BG levels positively correlate with weight loss.…”

DNA damage and the circadian clock

“…There is a general agreement, however, that the essence of healthy ageing' is delaying the onset of the diseases of middle and advanced age un l later (op mally -much later) than the average age of onset [283]. One of the newer ideas for increasing the chances for successful ageing is chronological nutri on' -that is, staving off age-related diseases by following a nutri onal regimen based on the rhythms set by the circadian clock [284][285][286]. As was already men oned, there is significant associa on between the disrup on of circadian rhythms and the development of glucose intolerance, cardiovascular disease and cancer.…”