Chronological Changes in Brain Edema Induced by Experimental Intracerebral Hematoma in Cats

Tomita, Hiroki; Ito, Umeo; Ohno, Katsuhito; Hirakawa, Kimiyoshi

doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-9334-1_154

Cited by 20 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…In animal models, perihematomal edema increases in several hours and peaks around the third or fourth day after the hemorrhage, then declines gradually, resolving within approximately 2 weeks. 4,6,21,22 This was a pattern very similar to the change in forelimb placing deficit, although there was still some residual deficit after 2 weeks (Figure 6). This temporal relationship suggests that these behavioral tests are a good surrogate measure for other ICH-induced brain injury markers, and, unlike the brain edema measurement and a number of other injury markers (eg, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling [TUNEL] staining), the behavioral tests can be used repetitively on 1 rat.…”

Section: Ich-induced Behavioral Changessupporting

confidence: 53%

Behavioral Tests After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in the Rat

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Background and Purpose-In humans, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) causes marked perihematomal edema formation and neurological deficits. A rat ICH model, involving infusion of autologous blood into the caudate, has been used extensively to study mechanisms of edema formation, but an examination of behavioral outcome would improve its preclinical utility and provide a more rigorous assessment of the pathological cascade of events over time. The purpose of this study was to use a battery of sensorimotor function tests to examine the neurological effects of ICH in the rat and to examine which components of the hematoma are involved in generating those effects. Methods-The behavioral tests used were forelimb placing, preference for forelimb use for weight shifts during vertical exploration of a cylindrical enclosure, and a corner turn test. Rats were tested from day 1 to day 28 after injection of autologous whole blood; injection of blood plus hirudin (thrombin inhibitor), packed red blood cells, thrombin, or saline; or needle placement only. Results-The battery of tests indicated that there were marked neurological deficits by day 1 after ICH, with progressive recovery of function over 4 weeks. The forelimb placing score paralleled changes in edema. Injection of thrombin caused and injection of hirudin reduced the ICH-induced neurological deficits. Injection of packed red blood cells, which causes delayed edema formation, induced delayed neurological deficits Conclusions-These tests allow continuous monitoring of neurological deficits after rat ICH and assessment of therapeutic interventions. The time course of the neurological deficit closely matched the time course of cerebral edema for both ICH and injection of blood components. There was marked recovery of function after ICH, which may be amenable to therapeutic manipulation.

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Section: Ich-induced Behavioral Changessupporting

confidence: 53%

Behavioral Tests After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in the Rat

Hua

Schallert

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et al. 2002

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452

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“…The two models exhibited a similar time course for brain edema formation with a peak around the third day. The kinetics of edema development following ICH were consistent with ICH studies in mice and other species including dogs, cats, and rats [19][20][21] but differ from those in ICH patients [22]. Increased BBB permeability after ICH was noted in parallel with edema formation in our study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Only Very Early Oxygen Therapy Attenuates Posthemorrhagic Edema Formation and Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption in Murine Intracerebral Hemorrhage

2014

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“…29 In experimental ICH models, brain edema peaks around the third or fourth day after the hemorrhage, then declines slowly. 29,30 In animals with substantial white matter, perihematomal edema is mainly located within that tissue. In human beings, perihematomal edema develops within 3 hours of symptom onset and peaks between 10 and 20 days after ictus.…”

Section: Cerebral Edemamentioning

confidence: 99%