Chronological and Skeletal Age in Relation to Physical Fitness Performance in Preschool Children

Ke, Dandan; Lu, Dajiang; Cai, Guang; Wang, Xiaofei; Zhang, Jing; Suzuki, Koya

doi:10.3389/fped.2021.641353

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(47 reference statements)

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“…The BBT is a test of DB in which the subject walks on a 10 cm wide by 30 cm tall and 3 m long wooden balance beam ( Hu et al, 2020 ; Ke et al, 2021 ). This test has adequate validity and reliability for testing dynamic balance in children ( De Kegel et al, 2010 ; Latorre-Román et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age and gender differences in static and dynamic balance of Chinese preschool children

Zhu

et al. 2022

Front. Physiol.

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Objectives: Balance is a crucial ability of early age, but there is conflicting evidence with regard to age and gender differences in preschool children’s balance ability. Additionally, there are several tools available to measure balance, yet, wide variation in their use has restricted the capacity to synthesize the reference values. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to investigate the balance ability of preschool-aged children and determine how it is moderated by age and gender. The analysis pertained to determining whether different testing methods affect the results of static or dynamic balancing ability to provide a basis for normative balance ability data for healthy boys and girls between 3 and 6 years of age.Method: Six hundred and nineteen preschool children (296 boys and 323 girls) aged 3–6 years participated in the study. The static balance (SB) was assessed with children standing on one leg (OST) and in a tandem stance (TS) with respect to time. The balance beam test (BBT) and functional reach test (FRT) were used to evaluate dynamic balance (DB) by measuring the time spent and the distance reached, respectively.Result: The results revealed significant differences in OST with respect to gender (η2 = 0.037, p < 0.001), TS (η2 = 0.026, p < 0.001) and FRT (η2 = 0.016, p = 0.002); the girls performed better than boys on most balance tests except on BBT (η2 = 0.000, p = 0.596). Age had positive effects on the static and dynamic balance performance on the OST (η2 = 0.336, p < 0.001), TS (η2 = 0.205, p < 0.001), BBT (η2 = 0.367, p < 0.001) and FRT (η2 = 0.392, p < 0.001). Older children performed better than their younger counterparts. No significant interactions between age groups and sex were found.Conclusion: This study revealed that static and dynamic balance stability in preschool-aged children was affected by gender and age. Gender dimorphism is present in preschool children, older girls displayed better postural stability than boys, and balance performance improved with age. In addition, the study provides age- and gender-specific balance performance reference values for preschool children across multiple methods, which can be used to monitor static and dynamic balance development.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age and gender differences in static and dynamic balance of Chinese preschool children

Zhu

et al. 2022

Front. Physiol.

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“…In China, children are enrolled in school at the age of 7 years ( 14 , 15 ), which is the threshold for BAA. Thus, three different methods have been studied in the sample of children aged 3.01–year–old to 6.99–year–old.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The two main reasons for assuming this span of age are as follows: (i) the age span predicted using the GP method is in intervals of approximately 6 months (e.g., 3 years, 3 years and 6 months, 4 years and 2 months) (7); (ii) age ± 3 months is regarded as the smallest range for BAA, as assessed by left hand-wrist X-rays (13). In China, children are enrolled in school at the age of 7 years (14,15), which is the threshold for BAA. Thus, three different methods have been studied in the sample of children aged 3.01year-old to 6.99-year-old.…”

Section: Data Acquisitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative study of three bone age assessment methods on Chinese preschool-aged children

Gao

et al. 2022

Front. Pediatr.

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BackgroundBone age assessment (BAA) is an essential tool utilized in outpatient pediatric clinics. Three major BAA methods, Greulich–Pyle (GP), Tanner–Whitehouse 3 (TW3), and China 05 RUS–CHN (RUS–CHN), were applied to comprehensively compare bone age (BA) and chronological age (CA) in a Chinese sample of preschool children. This study was designed to determine the most reliable method.MethodsThe BAA sample consisted of 207 females and 183 males aged 3–6 years from the Zhejiang Province in China. The radiographs were estimated according to the GP, TW3, and RUS–CHN methods by two pediatric radiologists. The data was analyzed statistically using boxplots, the Wilcoxon rank test, and Student’s t-test to explore the difference (D) between BA and CA.ResultsAccording to the distributions of D, the boxplots showed that the median D of the TW3 method was close to zero for both male and female subjects. The TW3 and RUS–CHN methods overestimated the age of both genders. The TW3 method had the highest correct classification rate for males but a similar rate for females. The GP method did not show any significant difference between the BA and CA when applied to 3-year-old males and 4-year-old females while the TW3 method showed similar results when applied to 6-year-old females. The RUS–CHN method showed the least consistent results among the three methods.ConclusionThe TW3 method was superior to the GP and RUS–CHN methods but not reliable on its own. It should be noted that a precise age diagnosis for preschool children cannot be easily made if only one of the methods is utilized. Therefore, it is advantageous to combine multiple methods when assessing bone age.

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“…Walking sideways or with a gait in which one lower limb was always in front of the other was not allowed. Although previous studies often measured the time taken to cross a beam (Ke et al, 2021;Li et al, 2022), in this study,…”

Section: Balance Beam Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of static and dynamic balance skills to activities of daily living in children with intellectual disabilities

Endo,

Asano,

Asai

2024

Research Intellect Disabil

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BackgroundStatic and dynamic balance skills can be related to the activities of daily living (ADL) in children with non‐syndromic intellectual disabilities, and the type of balance skills affecting ADL can differ depending on the domain of ADL (self‐care, mobility, and social function).MethodsThe ADL capabilities of 66 children with intellectual disabilities were assessed using the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) and were examined in relation to static and dynamic balance skills.ResultsSignificant positive correlations were found between the one‐leg standing and PEDI (r = .841 for self‐care, r = .700 for mobility, and r = .760 for social function). Our analysis showed that static balance skills affected self‐care, dynamic balance skills affected mobility, and intelligence quotient affected social function.ConclusionsImproving balance skills is important for enhancing ADL capabilities, and the type of balance skills that need enhancement vary based on the domain of ADL.

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Chronological and Skeletal Age in Relation to Physical Fitness Performance in Preschool Children

Cited by 8 publications

References 34 publications

Age and gender differences in static and dynamic balance of Chinese preschool children

Age and gender differences in static and dynamic balance of Chinese preschool children

A comparative study of three bone age assessment methods on Chinese preschool-aged children

Contribution of static and dynamic balance skills to activities of daily living in children with intellectual disabilities

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