Chronobiology and chronotherapy in medicine

Kraft, Monica; Martin, Richard J.

doi:10.1016/s0011-5029(95)90036-5

Cited by 39 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 191 publications

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“…It is possible that at certain times of day all the mice may be more or less susceptible to stress depending on the stage of their circadian rhythm, which runs with a period near to, but usually less than, 24 h (13). Fluctuations in hormonal responses occur during the cycle, and these are reflected in cortisol levels which may have pathophysiological significance (14). In previous work we have shown that cortisone administered topically to HSV-infected mice in the form of 0.5% hydrocortisone cream has a marked effect on virus replication and impaired the clearance of infectious virus from the tissues (1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence of Infectious Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 in the Nervous System in Mice after Antiviral Chemotherapy

Thackray

Field

2000

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Young adult mice were inoculated with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in the ear pinna. A relatively severe infection resulted, and 45% of the mice died by 11 days postinfection. Therapy at 1 mg/ml by means of the drinking water with either famciclovir for periods of 5 or 10 days or valaciclovir for 5, 10, 15, or 20 days decreased clinical signs and reduced mortality to 15% or less. Throughout a period of 27 days, mice were tested daily for the presence of infectious virus in the ear pinna, brain stem, and ipsilateral trigeminal ganglia. Virus was cleared from these tissues in surviving, untreated animals by 12 days postinfection, and no infectious virus was detected subsequently in any tissue. Furthermore, no infectious virus was detected after day 9 in mice that had been treated with famciclovir. In mice that had received valaciclovir therapy, however, infectious virus was repeatedly detected in the trigeminal ganglia and brain stem tissue samples up to 7 days after treatment was discontinued. To date, no specific mechanism to account for these results has been discovered; however, possible mechanisms for the persistence of potentially infectious virus in neural tissue of treated mice are discussed.Since the first description of murine infection models for herpes simplex virus (HSV), it has been shown repeatedly that, following inoculation by means of a peripheral site, such as the skin or the cornea, virus replication occurs both at the local site and in the peripheral ganglia that innervate the site of local infection (20). This usually persists for 1 to 2 weeks by which time infectious virus is cleared from both local and neural tissue in mice that survive the acute infection. It has been repeatedly shown that ganglia or central nervous system (CNS) tissues removed after the acute infection has subsided and subsequently explanted, homogenized, and tested for infectious virus yield negative results (11).It is very well known that the peripheral nervous system continues to harbor HSV in latently infected neurons (4,17,22) and that these tissues may be reactivated by explanting the ganglia and incubating the tissue in vitro (26,28). CNS neurons also continue to harbor HSV DNA, although the reactivation of CNS tissues to yield infectious virus has proved more difficult (5, 21). It has also proved difficult to reactivate latent HSV in vivo in mice, although, over the years, several different methods have been employed to achieve this with limited success. For example, Sellotape stripping, UV irradiation of ear pinnae (11), and, more recently, use of the corneal infection model have enabled infectious virus to be detected both in CNS and ganglion tissue 1 to 2 days after transient hyperthermia (18).In our previous published studies on the chemotherapy of HSV type 1 (HSV-1) in mice with prodrugs famciclovir (FCV) and valaciclovir (VACV) yielding the nucleoside analogues penciclovir and acyclovir (ACV), respectively, we have reported that mice treated with VACV produce transient recurrences of infectious virus ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence of Infectious Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 in the Nervous System in Mice after Antiviral Chemotherapy

Thackray

Field

2000

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…The remaining one third present with a BP drop of < 10% and are known as nondippers. Prolonged exposure to a higher BP level seen in non-dippers, contributes to an increase in CVD such as myocardial infarctions, angina and strokes during the early hours of the morning [14][15][16] . Douglas reported that there is a 40% higher risk of a heart attack, a 29% increased risk of cardiac death and a 49% increased risk of stroke between 06:00 am and 12:00 noon 8 .…”

Section: Chronobiology Of Hypertensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronobiology and Chronotherapy of Hypertension – A Review

Latha¹,

Uhumwangho²,

Sunil³

et al. 2011

Int J Health Res

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an online international journal allowing free unlimited access to abstract and full-text of published articles. The journal is devoted to the promotion of health sciences and related disciplines (including medicine, pharmacy, nursing, biotechnology, cell and molecular biology, and related engineering fields). It seeks particularly (but not exclusively) to encourage multidisciplinary research and collaboration among scientists, the industry and the healthcare professionals. It will also provide an international forum for the communication and evaluation of data, methods and findings in health sciences and related disciplines. The journal welcomes original research papers, reviews and case reports on current topics of special interest and relevance. All manuscripts will be subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication) will be published without delay. The maximum length of manuscripts should normally be 10,000 words (20 single-spaced typewritten pages) for review, 6,000 words for research articles, 3,000 for technical notes, case reports, commentaries and short communications. Submission of Manuscript:The International Journal of Health Research uses a journal management software to allow authors track the changes to their submission. All manuscripts must be in MS Word and in English and should be submitted online at http://www.ijhr.org. Authors who do not want to submit online or cannot submit online should send their manuscript by e-mail attachment (in single file) to the editorial office below. Submission of a manuscript is an indication that the content has not been published or under consideration for publication elsewhere. Authors may submit the names of expert reviewers or those they do not want to review their papers. Enquirie Review Article Chronobiology and Chronotherapy of Hypertension -A Review AbstractHypertension occurs in over 90% of all patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the United States and it is a major risk factor for end-organ damage, CVD and death. In the treatment of hypertension, investigation of chronobiology, chronopharmacology and chronotherapy began a few decades ago. Studies over the last decade have revealed that blood pressure (BP) and CVD are influenced by our behaviour such as what we eat and even conditioned by the time of day. Also, the ability of the night: day ratio of systolic BP predicts the risk for cardiovascular events more accurately compared with office BP measured only at once. Evidence clearly points to the fact that nocturnal BP is indeed the BP as it is most consistently correlated with prediction of cardiovascular risk and provides more close surveillance of safety. Circadian rhythm is a significant input into the regulation of BP. Hence, a circadian disorder such as hypertension requires chronopharmacotherapy. However, different medications have been studied for their chronopharmacology and potential chronotherapy. This article reviews the chronobiology of hypertension, and the ...

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“…40 Cortisol production follows a circadian cycle and undergoes pulsatile secretion. 41 Esterified cholesterol is the sole storage form of cortisol in the adrenal gland. Ninety percent of circulating cortisol in human serum is bound to proteins, namely corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) 42 and albumin, and is therefore inactive.…”

Section: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%