Abstract:Chronic post-surgical pain (CPSP) is not limited to major surgeries and can develop after smaller procedures such as hernia repairs. While nerve injury has traditionally been thought to be the culprit for CPSP, it is evident that nerve-sparing surgical techniques are not completely preventative. Regional analgesia and agents such as ketamine, gabapentinoids, and COX-2 inhibitors have also been found to decrease the risks of developing chronic pain to varying degrees. Yet, given the correlation of central sensi… Show more
“…Our information is very limited concerning the risk factors associated with long PD. Some investigations have studied the socioeconomic parameters that may have an impact on chronic pain (4)(5)(6)(7)(8). However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no research that has studied the risk factors associated with long PD in chronic pain patients.…”
Background: Chronic pain is the third main problem of global health and the most common cause of long-term disabilities. The duration that patients suffer from chronic pain is directly proportional to the extent of the suffering and to the amount of health care resources allocated to this problem. There is no research that has studied the risk factors associated with the long pain duration in chronic pain patients. Methods: We investigated the potential risk factors associated with long pain duration in a population with diverse pain conditions in a cross-sectional study. We used a questionnaire that included a number of potential risk factors including sex, age, marital status, household condition, number of children, employment, education, body mass index (BMI), pain intensity, and the level of anxiety/depression. The data were analyzed by univariable and multivariable linear regression models. Results: We recruited 780 patients. The analyses showed that age and abnormal BMI had a positive correlation with pain duration. Conclusions: The risk factors that might be associated with longer pain duration include older age and abnormal BMI.
“…Our information is very limited concerning the risk factors associated with long PD. Some investigations have studied the socioeconomic parameters that may have an impact on chronic pain (4)(5)(6)(7)(8). However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no research that has studied the risk factors associated with long PD in chronic pain patients.…”
Background: Chronic pain is the third main problem of global health and the most common cause of long-term disabilities. The duration that patients suffer from chronic pain is directly proportional to the extent of the suffering and to the amount of health care resources allocated to this problem. There is no research that has studied the risk factors associated with the long pain duration in chronic pain patients. Methods: We investigated the potential risk factors associated with long pain duration in a population with diverse pain conditions in a cross-sectional study. We used a questionnaire that included a number of potential risk factors including sex, age, marital status, household condition, number of children, employment, education, body mass index (BMI), pain intensity, and the level of anxiety/depression. The data were analyzed by univariable and multivariable linear regression models. Results: We recruited 780 patients. The analyses showed that age and abnormal BMI had a positive correlation with pain duration. Conclusions: The risk factors that might be associated with longer pain duration include older age and abnormal BMI.
“…As the frequency of headache increases, peripheral and central sensitization occurs, and headache thresholds change, leading to headache chronification. 24) In fact, previous studies have shown that the likelihood of subsequent chronification increases with the frequency of migraine and tension-type headache. 25,26) Our study has significant implications for providing evidence of headache chronification, particularly in older patients, who typically report relatively fewer headaches than younger people.…”
Background: Although the frequency and intensity of headaches decrease in older adults, headaches in this population are still an important neurological disorder. The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations of headache characteristics in older adults with the development of cardiovascular disease and cognitive dysfunction. Methods: We prospectively enrolled 125 older (≥ 65 years old) patients with headache who were making their first visit to outpatient clinics and who had no prior history of cognitive dysfunction from 11 hospitals in Korea between August 2014 and February 2015. We investigated the occurrence of newly developed/or recurrent headache, cardiovascular disease, cognitive dysfunction, and poor functional outcomes. Results: The mean age of all included patients was 72.6 years, 68.8% were women, and 43 (34.4%) had newly developed/or recurrent headache during follow-up. During a median follow-up of 31 months (interquartile range, 28-34 months), 21 participants (16.8%) experienced cardiovascular disease, and 26 (20.8%) developed cognitive dysfunction. Upon multivariate analysis and after adjusting for sex, age, and other factors, presence of newly developed/or recurrent headache was found to be associated with cardiovascular disease (hazard ratio [HR], 4.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28-12.61; p=0.017) and frequency of headache for the recent 3 months was related with cognitive dysfunction (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.00-1.09; p=0.017) and poor functional outcomes (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.01-1.11; p=0.011). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that there is an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, cognitive dysfunction, and poor functional outcomes in older patients with frequent, newly developed, or recurrent headache.
“…45 Meanwhile, some of them are released from central terminals and are implicated in central nociceptive processing (ie, central sensitization). 7,46 This regulation may be the underlying mechanism in orofacial pain (Figure 1).…”
Section: Involvement Of Ngf In Orofacial Nociceptionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… 45 Meanwhile, some of them are released from central terminals and are implicated in central nociceptive processing (ie, central sensitization). 7 , 46 This regulation may be the underlying mechanism in orofacial pain ( Figure 1 ). Figure 1 The picture mainly illustrates NGF contributes to orofacial pain via intracellular as well as extracellular mechanisms.…”
Section: Mechanisms Of Ngf Involved In Orofacial Painmentioning
Some chronic pain conditions in the orofacial region are common and the mechanisms underlying orofacial pain are unresolved. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a member of a family of neurotrophins and regulates the growth, maintenance and development of neurons. Increasing evidence suggests that NGF plays a crucial role in the generation of pain and hyperalgesia in different pain states. This review investigates the role of NGF in orofacial pain and their underlying cellular mechanisms, which may provide essential guidance to drug-discovery programmes. A systemic literature search was conducted in Pubmed focusing on NGF and orofacial pain. Articles were reviewed, and those discussing in vitro studies, animal evidence, clinical course, and possible mechanisms were summarized. We found a hyperalgesic effect of NGF in peripheral sensitization in orofacial pain models. We also summarize the current knowledge regarding NGF-dependent pain mechanism, which is initiated by retrograde transport of the ligand-receptor complex, ensuing transcriptional regulation of many important nociceptor genes involved in nociceptive processing. Phase III trials suggest that anti-NGF drug is endorsed with anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects with good tolerance in a variety of pain conditions, including pain associated with osteoarthritis and chronic lower back pain. Based on the data reviewed herein, NGF is believed to be an important hyperalgesic mediator in orofacial pain. The identification of underlying mechanisms and pathways of orofacial pain opens new frontiers for pain management.
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