Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry

Fischer, Heinz-D.; †, Erika J. Fischer

doi:10.1515/9783110230086

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…The same has been shown for the ground layer vegetation of these stands (Fischer and Fischer 2009) as well as for other spruce forests in the Czech Republic (Jonášová and Matejková 2007). As Kulakowski and Veblen (2003) showed for subalpine, windblown forests in North America, two processes could be started concurrently: the release of the previously suppressed regeneration and the new seedling establishment.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…The preconditions for establishment of pioneers like birch, i.e., open mineral soil required for establishment are present in both types, but to a different extent: limited to less than 1/4 of the area in untouched forests and extended on cleared areas. Such mineral soil micro-sites are not only important for pioneer tree establishment, but also for grass and herb soil seed bank species and anemochorous species allowing for distinctive communities to develop there (Cooper-Ellis et al 1999;Fischer and Fischer 2009). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While development of species composition during a 25-year time period had been published elsewhere (Fischer and Fischer 2009), we here focus on the tree species and on the individual level. The questions to be answered are as follows:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Individual-based analysis of tree establishment and forest stand development within 25 years after wind throw

Fischer

2011

Eur J Forest Res

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Wind throw is a common disturbance in forest ecosystems. Because many forests are intensively used our knowledge on forest dynamics after such disturbances is limited. In the Bavarian Forest National Park/Germany after the wind throw event in summer 1983, we started our long-term observation in nearly natural Norway spruce forests within 5-year intervals up to 2010. A part of the affected stands was cleared, while another part was left untouched for natural development. Here, we focused on the tree species regeneration, using an individual-based approach. We expected that tree species regeneration in both management types would follow different succession pathways. Indeed, we found different regeneration characteristics, depending on whether the area had been cleared or left unmanaged. For example, for the target species Norway spruce, a chronic regeneration during the first two decades with low numbers, but a high survival rate of individuals, and for the pioneer species birch, pulse regeneration with high numbers of individuals only at the beginning and high individual loss during the following years occurred. Unmanaged and cleared wind throw areas, respectively, offer different quantities of micro-sites: the pit and mound structure as mineral soil disturbance was limited to less than 1/4 in the untouched area, whereas there was mineral soil disturbance more or less everywhere on the cleared parts. Type and intensity of disturbance allow a wide range of succession pathways after wind throw, based on the fundamental processes of germination and competition. Therefore, for protection area management as well as for forest management, the human activity immediately after the event is crucial. Because each management impact will change the succession pathway fundamentally any impact has to be omitted in protection areas with the main goal of natural vegetation succession. Also in managed forests abdication of any impact on small areas may improve the natural structures and biodiversity of forests.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Individual-based analysis of tree establishment and forest stand development within 25 years after wind throw

Fischer

2011

Eur J Forest Res

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“…The same species groups may also emerge to a certain degree after windfall in pristine or near-natural forests (Fischer and Fischer 2009). The reasons are, that new ecological micro-sites are offered (space without 1989, 1994, 1999, and 2010.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, comparative research on forest dynamics with and without management impact, respectively, could be carried out in recent years (e.g. Fischer et al 2002;Fischer and Fischer 2009;Wohlgemuth et al 2002;Bauer et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avalanches creating high structural and floristic diversity in mountain mixed forests in the Alps

Fischer

Lehnert

2011

Biodivers Conserv

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On January 18, 1986 a snow avalanche fell down from the steep slope of Mount Watzmann, Berchtesgaden National Park, Germany, into a mountain mixed forest reaching an elevation of only 610 m asl. The trees were bent to the ground, but they survived, forming a dense canopy pressed to the ground. Although on the landscape scale the avalanche marked a strong visual impact we hypothesized that the species composition of the forest ground layer would not change significantly. To test this we established a set of permanent plots. In the following years new avalanches over and adjacent to the former avalanche track occurred. The established permanent plots allow us to evaluate a second hypothesis, namely that not only structural diversity has been enhanced by the avalanches, but also a sequence of different succession pathways initiated which all together will keep diversity at a high level in the affected area. Our analysis of forest patches which were affected only by the first avalanche shows that, although a strong change in forest structure has taken place, the species composition here remained to a large extent unchanged. This suggests that beneath the dense crown canopy built up by the bent trees the microclimate shows little change, mechanical soil disturbances are rare, and therefore species of open land have no chance to establish. In contrast, if the avalanche uproots and kills the trees a clear change in species composition is the result. On our permanent plots we were able to identify eight different succession pathways initiated by the different disturbance events, causing at various points of time a set of different development phases of the forest ecosystem on the avalanche track.

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Responding to the Timing Argument

Ekendahl

2021

Pacific Philosophical Qtr

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According to the Timing Argument, death is not bad for the individual who dies, because there is no time at which it could be bad for her. Defenders of the badness of death have objected to this influential argument, typically by arguing that there are times at which death is bad for its victim. In this paper, I argue that a number of these writers have been concerned with quite different formulations of the Timing Argument. Further, and more importantly, I show that their objections to the Timing Argument fail as attempts to refute the argument in its most challenging form.

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Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Individual-based analysis of tree establishment and forest stand development within 25 years after wind throw

Individual-based analysis of tree establishment and forest stand development within 25 years after wind throw

Avalanches creating high structural and floristic diversity in mountain mixed forests in the Alps

Responding to the Timing Argument

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