Chronic urinary carrier state due to <i>Salmonella</i> Typhi causing urinary tract infection in an immunocompetent healthy woman

Gupta, Varsha; Kaur, Mandeep; Chander, Jagdish

doi:10.1177/0049475517752205

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…Regarding the associated factors of typhoid fever; washing with soap, history of typhoid fever, history of previous hospitalization, and having a chronic underlying disease were identified as potential factors of typhoid fever (P < 0.05). After initial treatment, patients with typhoid fever may become an asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella, and continue to shade bacteria in their stool and urine, which can be a source of reinfection 39,40 or reactivation of previous infections 7 . This could be the possible reason why the history of typhoid fever and previous history of hospitalization was found significantly associated with typhoid fever (P < 0.05) in the current study as in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia 7 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid stool antigenic test for typhoid fever among suspected cases, Northeast, Ethiopia

Geteneh

Tadesse

Biset

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Typhoid fever continued to be the key cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries with poor hygienic practices and limited access to safe drinking water. The Widal card agglutination test is the main diagnostic tool in Ethiopia, which is limited in differentiating the overlapping symptoms with other acute febrile illnesses such as malaria and viral enteritis. This eventually leds to unnecessary antibiotic use and eventual drug resistance. Therefore this study wants to assess the burden and associated potential risk factors of typhoid fever among suspected cases using the typhoid rapid stool antigen test in Northeast Ethiopia. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Gaint and Meket Shediho primary hospitals from May to July 2021. A total of 255 patients clinically suspected of typhoid fever, and willing to grant informed consent were included systematically. The demographic and hygiene-related variables were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. The rapid stool antigenic test and xylose-lysine-deoxycholate agar (XLD) stool culture were evaluated for the level of agreement. The present study indicated that the prevalence of typhoid fever was 15.3%. This displayed that the human-restricted infectious disease, typhoid fever remained a challenge to Ethiopians. Washing hands with soap, history of typhoid fever, having previous history of hospitalization, and chronic underlying disease was the significant potential factor for typhoid fever. The higher agreement of the rapid stool antigenic test with the stool culture can indicate the factual burden of typhoid fever in the suspected population. This could minimize empiric treatment and the possible emergence of drug resistance. Thus, resource-poor settings may need to look for a rapid and reliable stool antigenic test.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid stool antigenic test for typhoid fever among suspected cases, Northeast, Ethiopia

Geteneh

Tadesse

Biset

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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“…3,4,[7][8][9] As a result, Salmonella bacteriuria must be a proxy marker for an underlying risk factor, such as genitourinary abnormalities. However, cases have been reported in immunocompetent individuals as well 3,10 and occur via hematogenous spread from gastroenteritis or direct urethral fecal contamination. A case-control study by Yeung et al has also indicated cystoscopy as a risk factor; the authors report 11 patients with Salmonella bacteriuria, of whom eight had undergone cystoscopy preceding bacteriuria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteriuria due to Typhoidal and Nontyphoidal Salmonella: A Report of Three Cases from South India

Jamir

Shanmugam

Biswal

et al. 2023

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Urinary tract infection (UTI) with Salmonella is uncommon, accounting for merely 0.01% to 0.1% of cases of UTIs. It is reported more frequently in the presence of predisposing factors such as structural abnormalities of the urinary tract or weakened immune system. We present a case series of three patients with Salmonella bacteriuria and their susceptibility patterns. All three patients had underlying urologic features such as neurogenic bladder, chronic kidney disease, and urethral stricture, and two presented with urinary tract involvement symptoms.

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“…were also isolated. 28,29,32 In addition to immunocompromised patients and those with chronic diseases, urinary tract abnormalities, such as lithiasis and fistulas, are related to urinary disease by nontyphoidal serotypes. 28 In parallel, it has also been discussed that the occurrence of a chronic carrier state enhances the access to the urinary system, relapse, and release in the environment.…”

Section: Usa 56mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…28 In parallel, it has also been discussed that the occurrence of a chronic carrier state enhances the access to the urinary system, relapse, and release in the environment. 29,32 Other examples include Salmonella Gallinarum in renal transplant recipient; 30 Salmonella Stanleyville after an episode of gastroenteritis; 30 and Salmonella Typhi associated with urolithiasis and identified in urine after a recent episode of typhoid fever, suggesting poor sanitary. In addition, a few documented cases propose an association of the urinary tract infection with sexually acquired Haemophilus quentini.…”

Section: Usa 56mentioning

confidence: 99%

Atypical pathogens in urinary tract infections: a systematic review

Lima¹,

Gonçalves²,

Amorim³

et al. 2022

JMEN

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Urinary tract infection [UTI] accounts for a significant portion of the worldwide infections, whose cause occurs predominantly through Gram-negative bacilli, followed by Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. However, a number of cases by atypical pathogens are increasing. Thus, a systematic review was carried out on UTIs caused by atypical/emerging agents, covering etiological, epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects. The search conducted via PubMed database and 59 articles composed the final sample. The laboratory approaches reported have included uroculture with special media; molecular methods such as PCR, real-time PCR, and nucleic acid sequencing; and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Pathogens found among bacteria, including Gram-negative bacilli, Gram-positive cocci, diphtheroids, Mycoplasmataceae members, actinomycetes, and Gram-variable coccobacilli; yeasts, molds and microsporidia; virus, including BK polyomavirus, HPV, CMV and HSV-2; and a protozoan, Trichomonas vaginalis. The risk factors appear to be associated with patients' intrinsic features, such as advanced age, female gender, chronic diseases, prostatic hyperplasia, immunocompromised, genitourinary tract alteration; or risky situations as long-term urinary catheter usage, urinary tract manipulation, cancer chemotherapy, alcoholism, prolonged use of antibiotics and risky sexual behavior. The difficulty in identifying these agents was also evident, due to their peculiar characteristics or the unavailability of more sophisticated methods in the laboratorial routines, which implicates in the clinical management. Therefore, it is important that the medical and the microbiology teams are aware of the possibility of these agents in order to assess the need for further testing. The importance of antimicrobial susceptibility tests is also emphasized because of these organisms’ different profiles.

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Chronic urinary carrier state due to Salmonella Typhi causing urinary tract infection in an immunocompetent healthy woman

Cited by 5 publications

References 14 publications

Rapid stool antigenic test for typhoid fever among suspected cases, Northeast, Ethiopia

Rapid stool antigenic test for typhoid fever among suspected cases, Northeast, Ethiopia

Bacteriuria due to Typhoidal and Nontyphoidal Salmonella: A Report of Three Cases from South India

Atypical pathogens in urinary tract infections: a systematic review

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