Chronic social stress in mice alters energy status including higher glucose need but lower brain utilization

Stress, Subordination, and Anomalies of Feeding Across the Tree of Life: Implications for Interpreting Human Eating Disorders

“…Such growth suppression of smaller, low-ranking animals has been observed in numerous other fish ( Koebele, 1985 ; Clifton, 1990 ; Hofmann et al, 1999 ; Maclean and Metcalfe, 2001 ; Munday et al, 2006 ; Cruz et al, 2007 ; Filby et al, 2010 ; Woog et al, 2012 ; Obirikorang et al, 2020 ), birds ( Vahl et al, 2005 ; Partida et al, 2007 ), mammals ( Barroso et al, 2000 ; Tamashiro et al, 2005 ; Dengler-Crish and Catania, 2007 ; Young and Bennett, 2010 ; Wang et al, 2013 ; Dubuc and Clutton-Brock, 2019 ; Carneiro-Nascimento et al, 2020 ), and also primates ( Wittig and Boesch, 2003 ). Numerous mechanisms have been suggested or observed to contribute to this phenomenon: monopoly of food resources and intimidation by dominants ( Jobling and Wandsvik, 1983 ; Maclean and Metcalfe, 2001 ; Cruz et al, 2007 ); hormonal changes affecting appetite, growth rate, digestive tract function, and metabolic rate ( Jobling and Wandsvik, 1983 ; Sloman et al, 2000 , 2005 ; Filby et al, 2010 ); and changes in activity level and foraging behaviors ( Earley et al, 2004 ).…”

“…Subordinate animals, whether due to food insecurity or other stressors associated with their position, exhibit different patterns of eating than dominants. As shown in Figure 1 , subordinates across a phylogenetically wide range of species respond with several patterned responses to these challenges through behavioral adaptations in their eating: Both hyperphagic ( Witter and Cuthill, 1993 ; Witter and Swaddle, 1995 ; Pravosudov et al, 1999 ; Bartolomucci et al, 2004 ; Foster et al, 2006 ; Michopoulos et al, 2012 ) and hypophagic ( Purdom, 1974 ; Jobling and Wandsvik, 1983 ; Koebele, 1985 ; Clifton, 1990 ; Barroso et al, 2000 ; Sloman et al, 2000 ; Maclean and Metcalfe, 2001 ; Wittig and Boesch, 2003 ; Earley et al, 2004 ; Sloman et al, 2005 ; Tamashiro et al, 2005 ; Vahl et al, 2005 ; Munday et al, 2006 ; Cruz et al, 2007 ; Dengler-Crish and Catania, 2007 ; Partida et al, 2007 ; Filby et al, 2010 ; Young and Bennett, 2010 ; Woog et al, 2012 ; Wang et al, 2013 ; Dubuc and Clutton-Brock, 2019 ; Carneiro-Nascimento et al, 2020 ; Obirikorang et al, 2020 ) responses to social subordination have been observed in mammals, birds, fish, and invertebrates. While the number of species in which these responses have been studied is not large, the phylogenetic diversity of species in which these eating responses have been recorded, coupled with a conserved neurophysiology, argues for an ancient linkage between behavioral responses to social subordination in humans and other animals.…”

“…While the number of species in which these responses have been studied is not large, the phylogenetic diversity of species in which these eating responses have been recorded, coupled with a conserved neurophysiology, argues for an ancient linkage between behavioral responses to social subordination in humans and other animals. In species from crawfish and Arctic charr to woodland birds and rodents, status descent has been shown to activate similarly patterned behavioral responses which emerge from what appears to be the induction of neurophysiological systems conserved across chordates ( Jobling and Wandsvik, 1983 ; Pravosudov et al, 1999 ; Bartolomucci et al, 2004 ; Maniscalco et al, 2013 ; Carneiro-Nascimento et al, 2020 ).…”

“…A phylogeny of the potential naturally occurring animal models for hyperphagic and hypophagic responses to social stress. References: Hypophagia - Self Imposed ( Abbott and Dill, 1989 ; Ekman and Hake, 1990 ; Hiebert, 1991 ; Gosler et al, 1995 ; Buston, 2003 ; Heg et al, 2004 ; Ball and Crawford, 2005 ; Sloman et al, 2005 ; Munday et al, 2006 ; Wilson et al, 2008 ; Wong et al, 2008 ; Moore et al, 2013 ); Hypophagia ( Purdom, 1974 ; Jobling and Wandsvik, 1983 ; Clifton, 1990 ; Owen, 1990 ; Ekman and Lilliendahl, 1993 ; Webb, 1993 ; Hofmann et al, 1999 ; Barroso et al, 2000 ; Maclean and Metcalfe, 2001 ; Wittig and Boesch, 2003 ; Bartolomucci et al, 2004 ; Ball and Crawford, 2005 ; Vahl et al, 2005 ; Dengler-Crish and Catania, 2007 ; Partida et al, 2007 ; Wilson et al, 2008 ; Choi and Kim, 2010 ; Filby et al, 2010 ; Young and Bennett, 2010 ; Michopoulos et al, 2012 ; Woog et al, 2012 ; Moore et al, 2013 ; Wang et al, 2013 ; Treasure et al, 2015 ; Dubuc and Clutton-Brock, 2019 ; Schalla and Stengel, 2019 ; Carneiro-Nascimento et al, 2020 ; Obirikorang et al, 2020 ); Hyperphagia ( Witter and Swaddle, 1995 ; Pravosudov et al, 1999 ; Bartolomucci et al, 2004 ; Ball and Crawford, 2005 ; Foster et al, 2006 ; Razzoli et al, 2015 ; Brownley et al, 2016 ; Carneiro-Nascimento et al, 2020 ).…”

Region- and receptor-specific effects of chronic social stress on the central serotonergic system in mice

“…With the brains from another cohort of mice (CSS N = 12, CON N = 12), the expression levels of Htr1a , Htr2a Htr2c , and Sert ( Slc6a4 ) were investigated by means of RT-qPCR. These mice were fasted overnight prior to sample collection, for the purposes of studying gene expression of appetite hormones and their receptors ( Carneiro-Nascimento et al, 2020 ). Given that fasting was restricted to the light/inactive phase when mice would anyway consume only a small proportion of their daily food intake, it would not be expected to impact substantively on genome expression.…”