Chronic Response of Rat Brain Norepinephrine and Serotonin Levels to Endurance Training

Payne, T.; Kim, C.; Moire, G.; Krebs, P.; Martin, W. H.; Brown, Barry S.

doi:10.1249/00005768-197721000-00016

Cited by 25 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…Long-term regular exercise in human subjects is reported to increase self-esteem and anxiety relive [26]. Previous studies have shown that exercise stimulates the release of endogenous opioid peptides such as endorphins within approximately 30 min from the start of activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treadmill exercise reduces self-administration of morphine in male rats

et al. 2009

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treadmill exercise reduces self-administration of morphine in male rats

et al. 2009

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“…[The direction of causality indicated by solid lines is uniformly from left to right. Letters in Figure 1 refer to the following studies and reviews: (a) Levine, 1960;Denenberg, 1967; G. S. Solomon, Kay, & Morley, 1986;(c and d) Pfeifer, 1976;(e1 and e2) Weiss, Glazer, Pohorecky, Brick, & Miller, 1975; (f) Bhagat & Horenstein, 1976;(g) Stone, 1968; Bryar, Fregly, & Field, 1983; (i and j) Sklar & Anisman, 1981 (review); (k) Brown & Van Huss, 1973;Brown et al, 1979; Bhagat & Horenstein, 1976;Alho, Koistinaho, Kovanen, Suominen, & Hervonen, 1984; Harri, 1979; Sklar & Anisman, 1981 (review); (o) Starzec, Berger, & Hesse, 1983; (p) Ritter & Pelzer, 1978;(q) Greenberg & Wiess, 1978; Meaney et al, 1987; (t, u, and v) Sklar & Anisman, 1981;Calabrese, Kling, & Gold, 1987 (both reviews). ] Figures 1 and 2 are included merely to provide a quick visual image of the relations and gaps in this nomological net; the reader need not study the fi gures to follow this presentation.…”

Section: The Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The inhibition of this training-induced beta sensitivity by beta blockers suggests that it is increased catecholamine exposure that is necessary to stimulate increased catecholamine sensitivity (Harri, 1979). 8 Research with rats has shown increased brain noradrenaline several days after the end of multiweek exercise training (Brown et al, 1979;Brown & Van Huss, 1973; see Figure 1, k) and pituitary-adrenal-cortical suppression from similar programs (Starzec, Berger, & Hesse, 1983; see Figure 1, o). Similar peripheral effects (adrenal-gland catecholamine precursors and plasma and urinary catecholamines) have been achieved with both active and passive (e.g., cold and other stressors) toughening manipulations (Bhagat & Horenstein, 1976; see Figure 1, f and 1).…”

Section: Research Confi Rmation Of the Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arousal and physiological toughness: Implications for mental and physical health.

Dienstbier

1989

Psychological Review

797

585

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From W. B. Cannon's identification of adrenaline with "ftght or flight" to modern views of stress, negative views of peripheral physiological arousal predominate. Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) arousal is associated with anxiety, neuroticism, the Type A personality, cardiovascular disease, and immune system suppression; illness susceptibility is associated with life events requiring adjustments. "Stress control" has become almost synonymous with arousal reduction. A contrary positive view of peripheral arousal follows from studies of subjects exposed to intermittent stressors. Such exposure leads to low SNS arousal base rates, but to strong and responsive challenge-or stressinduced SNS-adrenal-medullary arousal, with resistance to brain catecholamine depletion and with suppression of pituitary adrenal-cortical responses. That pattern of arousal defines physiological toughness and, in interaction with psychological coping, corresponds with positive performance in even complex tasks, with emotional stability, and with immune system enhancement. The toughness concept suggests an opposition between effective short-and long-term coping, with implications for effective therapies and stress-inoculating life-styles.Confrontations with stressors and challenges evoke central and peripheral physiological arousal. Characterizations of that peripheral arousal traditionally have been negative, but some modern views are more positive. After providing some definitions, I discuss the apparent contradictions between literatures whose basis is an assumption of the harmfulness of peripheral physiological arousal and those whose basis is not. DefinitionsAccording to Folkman and Lazarus (1985), the term stress implies "a relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised by the person as relevant to his or her well-being and in which the person's resources are taxed or exceeded" (p. 152). As components of stress, Folkman and Lazarus described threat as "potential for harm or loss," challenge as "potential for growth," and harm-loss as "injury already done" (p. 152). However, because I often emphasize the differences between challenge, on the one hand, and threat and loss, on the other, I use the term challenge separately, using stress to capture only the components of the concept associated with threat and harm/loss.

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“…Since those relatively conservative conclusions, however, some wellstructured studies have been published (e.g., Jasnoski et al, 1981), and the first strong research demonstrating reduced depression associated with aerobic training has appeared (McCann & Holmes (1984). Acceptance of the second causal relationship of exercise program to catecholamine changes depends upon accepting our three studies as sufficient evidence and upon viewing the excellent research by Brown and colleagues with rats as relevant and therefore supportive (reviewed above, Brown & Van Huss, 1973;Brown et al, 1979). Third, only a correlation, not causation, has been established by the Scandinavian research between high catecholamine availability following challenge/stress and temperament.…”

Section: Exercise-temperament Relationshipsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…While it cannot be unequivocally concluded that catecholamines or SNS processes mediate those developments in temperament, adrenal gland development typically follows from the stimulation received by the experimental groups (though researchers in the area have typically focused upon adrenal-cortical processes). More recent research has shown noradrenaline increases in the brain of rats who were forced into 8-week running "programs" compared to sedentary controls (even when sacrifice followed the last period of exercise by days (Brown & Van Huss, 1973;Brown et al, 1979)). …”

Section: Training Effects With Infrahumansmentioning

confidence: 99%