Chronic repeated restraint stress increases prolactin‐releasing peptide/tyrosine‐hydroxylase ratio with gender‐related differences in the rat brain

Tóth, Zsuzsanna; Zelena, Dóra; Mergl, Zsuzsa; Kirilly, Eszter; Várnai, Péter; Mezey, Éva; Makara, Gábor B.; Palkovits, Miklós

doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05069.x

Cited by 27 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…In the brain stem it colocalizes with norepinephrine in neurons of the A1/A2 noradrenergic nuclei (Adachi et al, 2005;Tóth et al, 2008). In the brain stem, but not in the hypothalamus, the basal PrRP expression in female rats is higher than in males (Tóth et al, 2008). Estrogen α-receptors were found in the PrRP neurons of the A1 and A2 cell groups, but not in the hypothalamus (Tóth et al, 2008).…”

Section: Prolactin-releasing Peptidementioning

confidence: 80%

“…Though gender differences have been described, the distribution of PrRP does not change during the estrous cycle (Tóth et al, 2008). In the brain stem it colocalizes with norepinephrine in neurons of the A1/A2 noradrenergic nuclei (Adachi et al, 2005;Tóth et al, 2008). In the brain stem, but not in the hypothalamus, the basal PrRP expression in female rats is higher than in males (Tóth et al, 2008).…”

Section: Prolactin-releasing Peptidementioning

confidence: 92%

“…In the brain stem, but not in the hypothalamus, the basal PrRP expression in female rats is higher than in males (Tóth et al, 2008). Estrogen α-receptors were found in the PrRP neurons of the A1 and A2 cell groups, but not in the hypothalamus (Tóth et al, 2008). Estrogen modulates the stress response of PrRP neurons through binding to estrogen α-receptors, suppressing the activation of PrRP neurons (Adachi et al, 2005).…”

Section: Prolactin-releasing Peptidementioning

confidence: 96%

“…It has been proposed as a mediator of stress responses (Maruyama et al, 2001;Adachi et al, 2005). Though gender differences have been described, the distribution of PrRP does not change during the estrous cycle (Tóth et al, 2008). In the brain stem it colocalizes with norepinephrine in neurons of the A1/A2 noradrenergic nuclei (Adachi et al, 2005;Tóth et al, 2008).…”

Section: Prolactin-releasing Peptidementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, it has been pointed out that the stress-induced PRL surge seems to take place by a mechanism other than the cyclic surge (Poletini, Szawka, Franci, & Anselmo-Franci, 2006). Prolactinreleasing peptide (PrRP) has been proposed as a novel stress mediator in the central nervous system (Maruyama, Matsumoto, Fujiwara et al, 2001), modulating the HPA-axis, with gender-related differences in the rat brain (Adachi et al, 2005;Tóth et al, 2008).…”

Section: Fluctuations In E2 P4 and Prl Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of the estrous cycle on some non reproductive behaviors and on brain mechanisms in the female rat

Jatuff

Torrecilla

Quercetti

et al. 2012

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El rol de las hormonas sexuales sobre el comportamiento reproductivo ha sido extensamente documentado. La fluctuación periódica de hormonas sexuales en hembras de numerosas especies ha sido relacionada con cambios comportamentales no sexuales tales como humor, ansie dad, agresión y respuesta a estrés. El sustrato bioló-gico-neural de estos cambios se basa en los cambios que estas hormonas inducen en el Sistema Nervioso Central. Este trabajo resume algunos cambios que afectan a receptores y neurotrasmisores de los sistemas GABAérgico, serotoninér-gico, dopaminérgico y péptido liberador de prolactina del SNC de la rata. La rata hembra posee un ciclo sexual de 4 días de duración, denominado ciclo estrual. La presente revisión se informa en tres secciones. (1) Se presenta una breve descripción de la variación de tres hormonas sexuales principales con acción directa sobre el SNC: estrógenos (E2), progesterona (P4) y prolactina (PRL). Se han descripto propiedades ansiolíticas para P4 y anti-estrés para PRL; para E2, la bibliografía es controvertida, describiéndose acciones excitatorias y anti-estrés. (2) Se informan algunos cambios cerebrales y comportamentales que tienen lugar en cada estadio del ciclo estrual. Las fluctuaciones hormonales se consideran bá-sicas para la interpretación de tales cambios. (3) Se mencionan algunos hallazgos acerca de la influencia hormonal cíclica sobre los sistemas de neurotransmisión del SNC y sobre un nuevo pép-tido propuesto como mediador de la respuesta a INTERDISCIPLINARIA, 2012, 29, 1, 63-77 63 INFLUENCE OF THE ESTROUS ABSTRACTSex hormone fluctuations in females are involv ed in some behavioral states such as mood, anxiety, aggression and stress response, due to functional changes in the central nervous system (CNS) activity induced by the cyclic sex hormone fluctuation. This review includes three sections.1.-A description of the three major hormone fluctuations in the estrous cycle: estrogens (E2), progesterone (P4) and prolactine (PRL). E2 achieves the maximum circulation levels during P. E2 is mainly excitatory and has been considered to have an antidepressive action. The highest plasma levels of P4 and its metabolite allopregnenolone (ALLO) occur in P. Ovulation takes place in the night of P, and the resulting corpora lutea produces a secondary increase in P4 (and ALLO) on D. The P4 peak level occurring in D1 and in the evening of P was shown to exert benzodiazepine-like effects, including sedation. It has been proposed that ALLO, rather than P4 is the one acting on GABA systems. Circulating levels of ALLO parallel those of P4 across the estrous cycle and is known to have anxiolytic properties.PRL is produced mainly in the adeno hy pophysis, though synthesis in other sites of the brain also occurs. Its regulation is mostly inhibitory and is exerted by dopamine (DA) released in the hypothalamus. A surge in PRL secretion occurs during P. PRL would be a modulator of the HPA-axis, and is considered as a stress hormone.2.-Some behavioral and neural changes occur at each stage ...

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Section: Prolactin-releasing Peptidementioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Prolactin-releasing Peptidementioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Prolactin-releasing Peptidementioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Prolactin-releasing Peptidementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fluctuations In E2 P4 and Prl Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Influence of the estrous cycle on some non reproductive behaviors and on brain mechanisms in the female rat

Jatuff

Torrecilla

Quercetti

et al. 2012

Interd

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Colocalized neurotransmitters in the hindbrain cooperate in adaptation to chronic hypernatremia

et al. 2020

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Chronic hypernatremia activates the central osmoregulatory mechanisms and inhibits the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Noradrenaline (NE) release into the periventricular anteroventral third ventricle region (AV3V), the supraoptic (SON) and hypothalamic paraventricular nuclei (PVN) from efferents of the caudal ventrolateral (cVLM) and dorsomedial (cDMM) medulla has been shown to be essential for the hypernatremia-evoked responses and for the HPA response to acute restraint. Notably, the medullary NE cell groups highly coexpress prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) and nesfatin-1/NUCB2 (nesfatin), therefore, we assumed they contributed to the reactions to chronic hypernatremia. To investigate this, we compared two models: homozygous Brattleboro rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus (DI) and Wistar rats subjected to chronic high salt solution (HS) intake. HS rats had higher plasma osmolality than DI rats. PrRP and nesfatin mRNA levels were higher in both models, in both medullary regions compared to controls. Elevated basal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression and impaired restraint-induced TH, PrRP and nesfatin expression elevations in the cVLM were, however, detected only in HS, but not in DI rats. Simultaneously, only HS rats exhibited classical signs of chronic stress and severely blunted hormonal reactions to acute restraint. Data suggest that HPA axis responsiveness to restraint depends on the type of hypernatremia, and on NE capacity in the cVLM. Additionally, NE and PrRP signalization primarily of medullary origin is increased in the SON, PVN and AV3V in HS rats. This suggests a cooperative action in the adaptation responses and designates the AV3V as a new site for PrRP's action in hypernatremia.

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Regulation of Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Responses to Stressors by the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract/Dorsal Vagal Complex

Herman

2017

Cell Mol Neurobiol

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Hindbrain neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) are critical for regulation of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) responses to stress. It is well known that noradrenergic (as well as adrenergic) neurons in the NTS send direct projections to hypophysiotropic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons and control activation of HPA axis responses to acute systemic (but not psychogenic) stressors. Norepinephrine (NE) signaling via alpha1 receptors is primarily excitatory, working either directly on CRH neurons or through presynaptic activation of glutamate release. However, there is also evidence for NE inhibition of CRH neurons (possibly via beta receptors), an effect that may occur at higher levels of stimulation, suggesting that NE effects on the HPA axis may be context-dependent. Lesions of ascending NE inputs to the paraventricular nucleus attenuate stress-induced ACTH but not corticosterone release after chronic stress, indicating reduction in central HPA drive and increased adrenal sensitivity. Non-catecholaminergic NTS glucagon-like peptide 1/glutamate neurons play a broader role in stress regulation, being important in HPA activation to both systemic and psychogenic stressors as well as HPA axis sensitization under conditions of chronic stress. Overall, the data highlight the importance of the NTS as a key regulatory node for coordination of acute and chronic stress.

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Chronic repeated restraint stress increases prolactin‐releasing peptide/tyrosine‐hydroxylase ratio with gender‐related differences in the rat brain

Cited by 27 publications

References 66 publications

Influence of the estrous cycle on some non reproductive behaviors and on brain mechanisms in the female rat

Influence of the estrous cycle on some non reproductive behaviors and on brain mechanisms in the female rat

Colocalized neurotransmitters in the hindbrain cooperate in adaptation to chronic hypernatremia

Regulation of Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Responses to Stressors by the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract/Dorsal Vagal Complex

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