Chronic probiotic supplementation with or without glutamine does not influence the eHsp72 response to a multi-day ultra-endurance exercise event

Marshall, Hannah; Chrismas, Bryna C. R.; Suckling, Craig A.; Roberts, Justin; Foster, Josh; Taylor, Lee

doi:10.1139/apnm-2017-0131

Cited by 21 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…These proteins have been evidenced as important in attenuating gastrointestinal (GI) permeability during heat stress which may improve symptoms of gastrointestinal distress [57,58], heat-related illness [59], and facilitating heat adaptation in general via HSPs [56]. Though proposed as beneficial, as yet, probiotic intake has not been evidenced as beneficial during repeated exercise in the heat [203]. The reader is directed to a recent comprehensive overview of the effects of nutrients on gastrointestinal distress in the heat for further information in this regard [204].…”

Section: Are There Hydration and Nutritional Considerations Associatementioning

confidence: 99%

Heat alleviation strategies for athletic performance: A review and practitioner guidelines

et al. 2019

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International competition inevitably presents logistical challenges for athletes. Events such as the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games require further consideration given historical climate data suggest athletes will experience significant heat stress. Given the expected climate, athletes face major challenges to health and performance. With this in mind, heat alleviation strategies should be a fundamental consideration. This review provides a focused perspective of the relevant literature describing how practitioners can structure male and female athlete preparations for performance in hot, humid conditions. Whilst scientific literature commonly describes experimental work, with a primary focus on maximizing magnitudes of adaptive responses, this may sacrifice ecological validity, particularly for athletes whom must balance logistical considerations aligned with integrating environmental preparation around training, tapering and travel plans. Additionally, opportunities for sophisticated interventions may not be possible in the constrained environment of the athlete village or event arenas. This review therefore takes knowledge gained from robust experimental work, interprets it and provides direction on how practitioners/coaches can optimize their athletes' heat alleviation strategies. This review identifies two distinct heat alleviation themes that should be considered to form an individualized strategy for the athlete to enhance thermoregulatory/performance physiology. First, chronic heat alleviation techniques are outlined, these describe interventions such as heat acclimation, which are implemented pre, during and posttraining to prepare for the increased heat stress. Second, acute heat alleviation techniques that are implemented immediately prior to, and sometimes during the event are discussed.

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Section: Are There Hydration and Nutritional Considerations Associatementioning

confidence: 99%

Heat alleviation strategies for athletic performance: A review and practitioner guidelines

et al. 2019

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“…Relative to HSP and OS outcome variables, their between- and within-subject variation is established at rest (Fisher-Wellman and Bloomer, 2009 ; Sandström et al, 2009 ; Taylor et al, 2010b ) and in response to stressors (Hillman et al, 2011 ; Lee et al, 2014 ; Peart et al, 2015 ). Accordingly an array of robust and previously employed experimental controls were incorporated within the study design to control for the confounding influences on HSP and/or OS responses of smoking (Anbarasi et al, 2006 ), caffeine (Whitham et al, 2006 ), glutamine (Wischmeyer et al, 2001 ; Zuhl et al, 2015 ), alcohol (Wu and Cederbaum, 2003 ), dietary consumption (Kuennen et al, 2011 ; Marshall et al, 2017 ), fluid intake (attainment of euhydration; Logan-Sprenger et al, 2015 ), generic supplementation (Pingitore et al, 2015 ), prior exercise (Lee et al, 2014 ), previous environmental (hypoxia and heat) exposures (Gibson et al, 2015b ; Lee et al, 2016 ), and diurnal variation in basal HSP (Taylor et al, 2010a , b , 2011 , 2012 ; Hillman et al, 2011 ; Costa et al, 2012 ). Apparent compliance was confirmed in 100% of participants and was monitored via a questionnaire prior to each experimental visit (e.g., CON, HPC I , or IPC I ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypoxic Air Inhalation and Ischemia Interventions Both Elicit Preconditioning Which Attenuate Subsequent Cellular Stress In vivo Following Blood Flow Occlusion and Reperfusion

et al. 2017

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Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is valid technique which elicits reductions in femoral blood flow occlusion mediated reperfusion stress (oxidative stress, Hsp gene transcripts) within the systemic blood circulation and/or skeletal muscle. It is unknown whether systemic hypoxia, evoked by hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) has efficacy in priming the heat shock protein (Hsp) system thus reducing reperfusion stress following blood flow occlusion, in the same manner as IPC. The comparison between IPC and HPC being relevant as a preconditioning strategy prior to orthopedic surgery. In an independent group design, 18 healthy men were exposed to 40 min of (1) passive whole-body HPC (FiO2 = 0.143; no ischemia. N = 6), (2) IPC (FiO2 = 0.209; four bouts of 5 min ischemia and 5 min reperfusion. n = 6), or (3) rest (FiO2 = 0.209; no ischemia. n = 6). The interventions were administered 1 h prior to 30 min of tourniquet derived femoral blood flow occlusion and were followed by 2 h subsequent reperfusion. Systemic blood samples were taken pre- and post-intervention. Systemic blood and gastrocnemius skeletal muscle samples were obtained pre-, 15 min post- (15PoT) and 120 min (120PoT) post-tourniquet deflation. To determine the cellular stress response gastrocnemius and leukocyte Hsp72 mRNA and Hsp32 mRNA gene transcripts were determined by RT-qPCR. The plasma oxidative stress response (protein carbonyl, reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio) was measured utilizing commercially available kits. In comparison to control, at 15PoT a significant difference in gastrocnemius Hsp72 mRNA was seen in HPC (−1.93-fold; p = 0.007) and IPC (−1.97-fold; p = 0.006). No significant differences were observed in gastrocnemius Hsp32 and Hsp72 mRNA, leukocyte Hsp72 and Hsp32 mRNA, or oxidative stress markers (p > 0.05) between HPC and IPC. HPC provided near identical amelioration of blood flow occlusion mediated gastrocnemius stress response (Hsp72 mRNA), compared to an established IPC protocol. This was seen independent of changes in systemic oxidative stress, which likely explains the absence of change in Hsp32 mRNA transcripts within leukocytes and the gastrocnemius. Both the established IPC and novel HPC interventions facilitate a priming of the skeletal muscle, but not leukocyte, Hsp system prior to femoral blood flow occlusion. This response demonstrates a localized tissue specific adaptation which may ameliorate reperfusion stress.

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“…The 6-week supplementation with B. longum 35,624 in competitive, high-level, female swimmers did not enhance aerobic or anaerobic swimming performance or improve power or force production measurements [ 93 ]. Marshall et al [ 94 ] found no effects for a 12-week multistrain probiotic or probiotic + glutamine supplementation protocol on the time to complete an ultra-marathon race compared with controls.…”

Section: Probiotics As a Potential Ergogenic Aid To Enhance Physicmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Probiotic supplementation of shorter duration for 4 weeks resulted in reduced gastrointestinal permeability and improved exercise capacity under heat conditions, with no impacts on circulating cytokine levels [ 77 ]. Moreover, probiotic supplementation did not attenuate exertional heat stress-induced blood endotoxemia or inflammation [ 100 ], the salivary antimicrobial protein response [ 101 ], or extracellular heat shock protein 72 (eHsp72) concentrations [ 94 ], when monitored during the recovery stage, post-exercise. Under normal ambient conditions, a 30-day supplementation protocol using a multi-strain probiotic did not demonstrate differences in the salivary antimicrobial peptides during post-exercise recovery after 2 h of cycling at 60% of VO 2max [ 109 ].…”

Section: Probiotics As a Potential Ergogenic Aid To Enhance Physicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut Microbiota, Probiotics and Physical Performance in Athletes and Physically Active Individuals

et al. 2020

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Among athletes, nutrition plays a key role, supporting training, performance, and post-exercise recovery. Research has primarily focused on the effects of diet in support of an athletic physique; however, the role played by intestinal microbiota has been much neglected. Emerging evidence has shown an association between the intestinal microbiota composition and physical activity, suggesting that modifications in the gut microbiota composition may contribute to physical performance of the host. Probiotics represent a potential means for beneficially influencing the gut microbiota composition/function but can also impact the overall health of the host. In this review, we provide an overview of the existing studies that have examined the reciprocal interactions between physical activity and gut microbiota. We further evaluate the clinical evidence that supports the effects of probiotics on physical performance, post-exercise recovery, and cognitive outcomes among athletes. In addition, we discuss the mechanisms of action through which probiotics affect exercise outcomes. In summary, beneficial microbes, including probiotics, may promote health in athletes and enhance physical performance and exercise capacity. Furthermore, high-quality clinical studies, with adequate power, remain necessary to uncover the roles that are played by gut microbiota populations and probiotics in physical performance and the modes of action behind their potential benefits.

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Chronic probiotic supplementation with or without glutamine does not influence the eHsp72 response to a multi-day ultra-endurance exercise event

Cited by 21 publications

References 61 publications

Heat alleviation strategies for athletic performance: A review and practitioner guidelines

Heat alleviation strategies for athletic performance: A review and practitioner guidelines

Hypoxic Air Inhalation and Ischemia Interventions Both Elicit Preconditioning Which Attenuate Subsequent Cellular Stress In vivo Following Blood Flow Occlusion and Reperfusion

Gut Microbiota, Probiotics and Physical Performance in Athletes and Physically Active Individuals

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