Chronic pain increases the risk of motoric cognitive risk syndrome at 4 years of follow‐up: evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

Abstract

Background and purpose: Slower gait speed and subjective cognitive concerns are characteristics of the motoric cognitive risk (MCR) syndrome. This study aimed to examine if changes in pain may be hallmarks of early MCR, through investigating the magnitude of the association of chronic pain and the risk of MCR at 4 years follow-up. Methods:In total, 3711 participants without dementia or any mobility disability aged ≥60 years were studied, including 1413 with chronic pain, enrolled in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, a prospective cohort study. MCR assessed at wave 1 (2011) and wave 3 (2015) was used as the exposure. Cox regression analysis was used to examine the longitudinal association between chronic pain and MCR after adjusting for

Associations of visual, hearing, and dual sensory impairment with motoric cognitive risk syndrome: Observational and Mendelian randomization analyses

“…Sociodemographic covariates included age at baseline (continuous variable), sex (male, female), education level (less than secondary school, secondary school or higher), and marital status (married, unmarried). Health behavior and clinical risk covariates included smoking, drinking, and healthy aging score (HAS) (low, high levels), following previous study methodology 3–5,32 . Further details for each variable are available on the CHARLS Website (http://charls.pku.edu.cn/).…”

“…Health behavior and clinical risk covariates included smoking, drinking, and healthy aging score (HAS) (low, high levels), following previous study methodology. [3][4][5]32 Further details for each variable are available on the CHARLS Website (http://charls.pku.edu. cn/).…”

“…Motoric cognitive risk syndrome (MCR) is the intermediate state of the trajectory from normal cognition to dementia, which is a pre-dementia syndrome characterized by subjective cognitive complaints and slow gait speed without dementia or reduced mobility. [1][2][3][4][5] The burden of MCR will rise quickly as the global population aging, which estimated the global prevalence of MCR was 2%-27%. 6 The conversion rate of dementia in MCR patients is as high as 12.81, 2 which has also been proven to be closely related to adverse health outcomes such as disability, 7,8 falls, 3,9 and mortality.…”

“…Motoric cognitive risk syndrome (MCR) is the intermediate state of the trajectory from normal cognition to dementia, which is a pre‐dementia syndrome characterized by subjective cognitive complaints and slow gait speed without dementia or reduced mobility 1–5 . The burden of MCR will rise quickly as the global population aging, which estimated the global prevalence of MCR was 2%–27% 6 .…”

Associations between adverse childhood experiences and motoric cognitive risk syndrome: A prospective, longitudinal, observational, cohort study

“…Motoric cognitive risk syndrome (MCR) is a pre-dementia syndrome characterized by slower gait speed and subjective cognitive concerns. 4,5 In this prospective population-based study, we aimed to assess the potential association between ACEs and the development of MCR. This prospective study used data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) cohort, its design has been described previously.…”