Chronic Non-Substances Mental Disorders and Associated Factors of Its Psychological Distress: A Community-based Study with Geospatial Analysis

Abstract

Purpose This study explores the geospatial distribution of Chronic Non-Substances Mental Disorders (CNsMD) in Makassar, Indonesia, and the impact of geospatial dependency on the connectivity of biopsychosocial factors and psychological distress of CNSMD Methods Community-based cross-sectional surveys of 733 respondents with CNsMDs from the 18 public health centers in Makassar, Indonesia were analyzed. Geospatial analysis using Global and Local Moran’s I was performed to investigate the distribution pattern of every CNsMD in Makassar. Exposures included the biopsychosocial domains. Outcomes were defined as psychological distress quantified with the GHQ-12 instrument. Two models were used to explore associations between exposures and outcomes: multivariable logistic regression and spatial regression. Results Among 733 respondents, 56,2% were female; the mean age was 35.99 years. Schizophrenia predominated for 39.02% of all CNsMD. Random distribution for CNsMD was identified (Global Moran’s I 0.196, Z-score = 1.429,p = 0.07). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that biological factors with old age > 47 y.o. (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 13.44,95%CI = 5.17 to 19.55), refusal to be referred to a psychiatrist (AOR 3.52,95%CI = 1.68 to 7.35), social domains in the form of self-stigma (AOR 3.47, 95%CI = 1.83 to 6.59), and high family economic status (AOR = 4.81,95%CI = 1.46 to 15.89) were significantly (p < 0.05) increased the psychological distress. The spatial regression demonstrated psycho-cognitive factors as the most predominant factor in reducing psychological distress (R2 = 0.509,p < 0.001). Conclusion The geospatial dependency of biopsychosocial factors on CNsMD’s psychological distress in the population requires the design of inclusive and targeted community interventions.