Chronic, multisite, multielectrode recordings in macaque monkeys

Nicolelis, Miguel A. L.; Dimitrov, D; Carmena, Jose M.; Crist, Roy E.; Lehew, Gary; Kralik, Jerald D.; Wise, Steven P.

doi:10.1073/pnas.1934665100

Cited by 674 publications

(551 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The ACUC of Duke University approved all procedures. Arrays of monopolar tungsten electrodes (30 m in diameter, 1 M⍀ impedance; 1-mm spacing) were chronically implanted into the cortex of two adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) (33). Monkey A was implanted with a 64-electrode array in the left motor cortex (M1left; leg representation).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spontaneous cortical activity in awake monkeys composed of neuronal avalanches

Petermann

Thiagarajan

Lebedev

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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521

541

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Spontaneous neuronal activity is an important property of the cerebral cortex but its spatiotemporal organization and dynamical framework remain poorly understood. Studies in reduced systems-tissue cultures, acute slices, and anesthetized ratsshow that spontaneous activity forms characteristic clusters in space and time, called neuronal avalanches. Modeling studies suggest that networks with this property are poised at a critical state that optimizes input processing, information storage, and transfer, but the relevance of avalanches for fully functional cerebral systems has been controversial. Here we show that ongoing cortical synchronization in awake rhesus monkeys carries the signature of neuronal avalanches. Negative LFP deflections (nLFPs) correlate with neuronal spiking and increase in amplitude with increases in local population spike rate and synchrony. These nLFPs form neuronal avalanches that are scale-invariant in space and time and with respect to the threshold of nLFP detection. This dimension, threshold invariance, describes a fractal organization: smaller nLFPs are embedded in clusters of larger ones without destroying the spatial and temporal scale-invariance of the dynamics. These findings suggest an organization of ongoing cortical synchronization that is scale-invariant in its three fundamental dimensions-time, space, and local neuronal group size. Such scale-invariance has ontogenetic and phylogenetic implications because it allows large increases in network capacity without a fundamental reorganization of the system. neuronal synchronization ͉ resting state ͉ rhesus monkey ͉ spontaneous activity ͉ ongoing activity T he cerebral cortex displays spontaneous activity, also known as 'ongoing' or 'resting state' activity, which persists in the absence of sensory stimuli or motor outputs. The ongoing activity is a robust feature of cortical dynamics as it is only modulated to a small extent by stimulus presentation (1), but contributes significantly to the large variability observed in stimulus responses (2-5). In fact, ongoing activity has been found to reflect multiple aspects of neuronal processing. The activity is similar to that observed during stimulus presentation (1, 6-8), incorporates previously acquired information (9), and carries information about the underlying neuronal network [for review see (10)]. Indeed, correlations during resting state activity are altered in disease states such as schizophrenia or chronic pain (11, 12), which raises the question whether there is a general framework that describes the statistics in the spatiotemporal organization of this dynamics.Recently, we found that spontaneous cortical activity in slice cultures, acute slices, and in the anesthetized rat in vivo has a scale-invariant dynamics called neuronal avalanches (13)(14)(15). These spontaneous bursts of synchronized activity occur in clusters of sizes s (where s is the number of active sites in an electrode array) that distribute according to a power law with exponent ␣:where ␣ usually lies between ...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spontaneous cortical activity in awake monkeys composed of neuronal avalanches

Petermann

Thiagarajan

Lebedev

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

521

541

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“…All procedures were approved by Bar Ilan University institutional animal care and use committee and were performed in accordance with the National Institutes of Health guidelines. The surgical procedures have previously been described in detail (37,38). In brief, adult LongEvans male rats weighing 420 -540 g (Harlan and Taconic) were initially sedated by 5% isoflurane and then injected i.m.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invariant phase structure of olivo-cerebellar oscillations and its putative role in temporal pattern generation

Jacobson

Lev

Yarom

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Complex movements require accurate temporal coordination between their components. The temporal acuity of such coordination has been attributed to an internal clock signal provided by inferior olivary oscillations. However, a clock signal can produce only time intervals that are multiples of the cycle duration. Because olivary oscillations are in the range of 5-10 Hz, they can support intervals of Ϸ100 -200 ms, significantly longer than intervals suggested by behavioral studies. Here, we provide evidence that by generating nonzero-phase differences, olivary oscillations can support intervals shorter than the cycle period. Chronically implanted multielectrode arrays were used to monitor the activity of the cerebellar cortex in freely moving rats. Harmaline was administered to accentuate the oscillatory properties of the inferior olive. Olivaryinduced oscillations were observed on most electrodes with a similar frequency. Most importantly, oscillations in different recording sites retained a constant phase difference that assumed a variety of values in the range of 0 -180°, and were maintained across large global changes in the oscillation frequency. The inferior olive may thus underlie not only rhythmic activity and synchronization, but also temporal patterns that require intervals shorter than the cycle duration. The maintenance of phase differences across frequency changes enables the olivo-cerebellar system to replay temporal patterns at different rates without distortion, allowing the execution of tasks at different speeds. cerebellar cortex ͉ harmaline ͉ inferior olive ͉ multielectrode arrays C erebellar involvement in timing is well-established, with evidence encompassing both normal and pathological conditions. Motor coordination in the 7-9 Hz range has been shown to involve the cerebellum (1), and pathologies associated with the cerebellum can either disrupt motor timing (2-4) or exaggerate tremor in this frequency range (5). The cerebellum also plays a pivotal role in timing of sensory and cognitive functions (6-11). The olivocerebellar system thus seems to be crucial for accurate timing in the range of tens to hundreds milliseconds. Two mechanisms have been proposed for cerebellar timing. First, parallel fibers have been suggested to activate Purkinje cells (PCs) with accurate delays (12-14) subserving timing. Second, oscillations in the inferior olive (IO) (15-18) have been proposed to act as a clock signal for timing. Both these mechanisms fail to cover the required range of 10-500 ms, the former because the length of a parallel fiber is exhausted within Ϸ10 ms and therefore can only support shorter time scales, and the latter because an olivary clock signal can only support temporal coordination at multiples of the clock cycle (Ϸ100-200 ms) (19). Time intervals shorter than the cycle duration could be generated by creating phase differences between different subgroups of IO neurons. Although in vitro studies demonstrate that IO oscillations can exhibit rich spatiotemporal dynamics (20, 21), the possi...

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“…Development is rapid, both on the hardware side, where multielectrode recordings from more than 300 electrodes permanently implanted in the brain are currently state-of-the art, and on the software side, with computers learning to interpret the signals and commands (Nicolelis et al 2003;Shenoy et al 2003;Carmena et al 2003). Early experiments on humans have shown that it is possible for profoundly paralyzed patients to control a computer cursor using just a single electrode (Kennedy and Bakay 1998) implanted in the brain, and experiments by Parag Patil and colleagues have demonstrated that the kind of multielectrode recording devices used in monkeys would most likely also function in humans (Peterman et al 2004;Patil et al 2004).…”

Section: Brain-computer Interfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Enhancement: Methods, Ethics, Regulatory Challenges

2009

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Cognitive enhancement takes many and diverse forms. Various methods of cognitive enhancement have implications for the near future. At the same time, these technologies raise a range of ethical issues. For example, they interact with notions of authenticity, the good life, and the role of medicine in our lives. Present and anticipated methods for cognitive enhancement also create challenges for public policy and regulation.

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Chronic, multisite, multielectrode recordings in macaque monkeys

Cited by 674 publications

References 24 publications

Spontaneous cortical activity in awake monkeys composed of neuronal avalanches

Spontaneous cortical activity in awake monkeys composed of neuronal avalanches

Invariant phase structure of olivo-cerebellar oscillations and its putative role in temporal pattern generation

Cognitive Enhancement: Methods, Ethics, Regulatory Challenges

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