Chronic Low or High Nutrient Intake and Myokine Levels

Abstract

Inadequate nutrient availability has been demonstrated to be one of the main factors related to endocrine and metabolic dysfunction. We investigated the role of inadequate nutrient intakes in the myokine levels of runners. Sixty-one amateur runners participated in this study. The myokine levels were determined using the Human Magnetic Bead Panel from plasma samples collected before and after the marathon. Dietary intake was determined using a prospective method of three food records. The runners with lower carbohydrate and calcium intakes had higher percentages of fat mass (p < 0.01). The runners with a sucrose intake comprising above 10% of their energy intake and an adequate sodium intake had higher levels of BDNF (p = 0.027 and p = 0.031). After the race and in the recovery period, the runners with adequate carbohydrate intakes (g/kg) (>5 g/kg/day) had higher levels of myostatin and musclin (p < 0.05). The runners with less than 45% of carbohydrate of EI had lower levels of IL-15 (p = 0.015) and BNDF (p = 0.013). The runners with higher cholesterol intakes had lower levels of irisin (p = 0.011) and apelin (p = 0.020), and those with a low fiber intake had lower levels of irisin (p = 0.005) and BDNF (p = 0.049). The inadequate intake influenced myokine levels, which promoted cardiometabolic tissue repair and adaptations to exercise.

Different Effects of Cyclical Ketogenic vs. Nutritionally Balanced Reduction Diet on Serum Concentrations of Myokines in Healthy Young Males Undergoing Combined Resistance/Aerobic Training

“…In support of this hypothesis, musclin levels were unchanged in the CKD group, where no changes in muscle strength or endurance performance were detected. Recently, it has been reported that runners with sufficient carbohydrate intake have higher levels of musclin, which may contribute to improved adaptations to exercise, such as improved glucose homeostasis and browning of adipose tissue [ 34 ]. These findings are again in line with the increased musclin levels and enhanced endurance performance observed in our RD subjects.…”

“…It was also described that higher levels of daily physical activity could decrease circulating FGF21 levels [ 41 ]. Moreover, it has been reported that carbohydrate intake correlates with levels of FGF21 [ 34 ]. In our study, FGF21 levels decreased in the CKD group but remained unchanged in the RD group, suggesting that the effects of the ketogenic diet could have interacted with exercise.…”

Nutrition and Exercise Interventions on Skeletal Muscle Physiology, Injury and Recovery: From Mechanisms to Therapy

“…In the original article from Sierra et al [ 17 ], the authors showed the significant effect of adequate energy, sodium, cholesterol, vitamin C, and fiber dietary consumption on exercise-induced myokine production (myostatin, musclin, irisin, BDNF, apelin, IL-15, and FGF-21) in endurance runners, which is important for cardiometabolic adaptations and adequate tissue repair in response to intense physical exercise. The myostatin pathway was also investigated in the work performed by de Carvalho et al [ 18 ].…”