“…These originate from injuries, trauma or fractures to the anatomical structure [ 19 , 20 , 21 ]; lumbar spine degeneration [ 22 , 23 ]; and disc herniation or nerve entrapment [ 24 , 25 , 26 ]. Other causes associated with an increased risk of LBP, include infections, autoimmune diseases, orthopedic diseases or tumours [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ]. LBP results also from occupational ergonomic factors related to heavy physical work, repetitive actions due to occupational requirements [ 1 , 2 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ]; as well as sports activities or sports-related injuries [ 40 , 41 ]; sedentary lifestyle, prolonged sitting or inactivity and lack of exercises [ 42 , 43 , 44 ]; post operation or surgery-induced [ 45 , 46 ]; secondary from other medical conditions [ 47 , 48 , 49 ]; lifestyle factors [ 50 ]; poor trunk control and postural impairment [ 51 ]; psychosocial and behavior-related factors from smoking, alcohol abuse, obesity, depression and stress [ 1 , 6 , 14 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ]; socio-economic factors [ 58 ]; and ageing […”