Chronic Latent Infections of Birds with Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus.

Reeves, W. C.; Hutson, G. A.; Bellamy, R. E.; Scrivani, R. P.

doi:10.3181/00379727-97-23862

Cited by 55 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…All re-vaccinees have presented high titers of persistent neutralizing antibodies before re-vaccination, although they have not been in yellow fever endemic areas within ten years of re-vaccination. These results strengthen the idea of viral presence in lymphatic tissues suggested by other reports (Reeves et al 1958, Oehen et al 1992. The titers of nAb in all re-vaccinees have reached high values on the 30th day after revaccination.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Lymphocyte subset analyses in healthy adults vaccinated with yellow fever 17DD virus

Santos¹,

Bertho

Dias³

et al. 2005

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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In this study the kinetics of humoral and cellular immune responses in first-time vaccinees and re-vaccinees with the yellow fever 17DD vaccine virus was analyzed. Flow cytometric analyses were used to determine percentual values of T and B cells in parallel to the yellow fever neutralizing antibody production. All lymphocyte subsets analyzed were augmented around the 30th post vaccination day, both for first-time vaccinees and re-vaccinees. CD3 + T cells increased from 30.8% (SE ± 4%) to 61.15% (SE ± 4.2%), CD4 + T cells from 22.4% (SE ± 3.6%) to 39.17% (SE ± 2%) with 43% of these cells corresponding to CD4 + CD45RO + T cells, CD8 + T cells from 15.2% (SE ± 2.9%) to 27% (SE ± 3%) with 70% corresponding to CD8 + CD45RO + T cells in first-time vaccinees. In revaccinees, the CD3 + T cells increased from 50.7% (SE ± 3%) to 80% (SE ± 2.3%), CD4 + T cells from 24.9% (SE ± 1.4%) to 40% (SE ± 3%) presenting a percentage of 95% CD4 + CD45RO + T cells, CD8 + T cells from 19.7% (SE ± 1.8%) to 25% (SE ± 2%Key words: yellow fever -vaccine -flow cytometry -neutralizing antibodies -lymphocyte subsets Yellow fever (YF) is a viral illness transmitted by infected mosquitoes (Aedes and Haemagogus genus) with yellow fever virus (YFV), which belongs to the Flavivirus genus, Flaviviridae family (Monath & Heinz 1996). It remains a serious health problem in endemic areas of tropical and subtropical Africa and South America (Vasconcelos 2003). Since the 19th century, studies about YF immunization have been accomplished (WHO 2001a). The YF 17D vaccine virus strain is one of the most effective and safe vaccines available. Immunization with the 17D vaccine strain induces a long-term neutralizing antibody response and provides excellent protection against infection with the virulent YFV (Wisseman & Sweet 1962). In 1937, the production of the YF 17DD vaccine virus substrain was started in Brazil, and has been in continuous use for 60 years (Post et al. 2001). The YFV 17DD vaccine is highly immunogenic and induces neutralizing antibody persistent at least 10 years and in some individuals up to 30 years or more (WHO 2001b).Although the YF 17D virus strain and the 17DD substrain are the most successful vaccines developed to date, recently, rare cases of postvaccinal neurological disorders have been recorded (Chan et al. 2001, Martin et al. 2001, Vasconcelos et al. 2001 .Despite the large literature on the humoral immune response to the YF vaccine virus, few works of the evaluation of cellular immune response, in particular T cell responses have been published (Reinhardt et al. 1998, Co et al. 2002, van der Most et al. 2002. The capacity of vaccines to activate the cellular immune system and induce T cell memory is an important mechanism of protection against wild-type viral infection. T cells often recognize more conserved epitopes that do not change due to antibody mediated selection pressure (Whitton & Oldstone 1996, Reinahrdt et al. 1998. Co and collaborators (2002) studying the T cell responses to YFV 17D in four volunteers could observ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Lymphocyte subset analyses in healthy adults vaccinated with yellow fever 17DD virus

Santos¹,

Bertho

Dias³

et al. 2005

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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“…The coexistence of a viraemia and HI antibody in 3 rabbits (plus neutralizing antibody in at least 2 of 3 tested) and 1 dog, 7 d post-infection has previously been reported for birds and western equine encephalitis, monkeys and man and yellow fever (Reeves et al, 1958) and suggested for calves and MVE (Sanderson, 1968a). The question of MVE persistence in the presence of neutralizing antibody is another subject for study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Infection With Murray Valley Encephalitis Virus. Pigs, Cattle, Sheep, Dogs, Rabbits, Macropods and Chickens

Kay

Hall

et al. 1985

Aust J Exp Biol Med

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Summary A tool of 142 young animals including 10 domestic and 14 feral pigs, 12 Hereford calves, 12 crossbred and 24 Merino lambs, 11 dogs, 8 domestic and 16 feral rabbits, 14 Grey kangaroos, 9 Agile wallabies and 12 chickens was exposed to infection with 4 strains of Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVE), mainly using orally infected Culex annulirostris mosquitoes. In terms of their viraemic response, the animals were grouped into high (Grey kangaroos, rabbits), moderate (pigs, dogs, chickens) and low (calves, lambs, Agile wallabies). Recipient Cx annulirostris induced to bite these animals 1–7 d post‐inoculation exhibited infection rates up to 95% but usually were much lower. Some animals in which virus was not detected by intracerebral inoculation of suckling mice were capable of infecting up to 5% Cx annulirostris. Haemagglutination‐inhibiting antibody (HI) was of high titre and persistent in rabbits und Grey kangaroos but moderated in others, e.g., cattle, sheep, Agile wallabies to be transient and of low titre. Cattle and Merino lambs were often completely non‐responsive. This study increases the range of vertebrates that could be considered as maintenance or amplifying hosts of MVE and, on the basis of their HI antibody responses, evaluates them as potential sentinels of infection in Australia.

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“…Furthermore, there was no tangible evidence of any contamination (all negative controls were clean), and we doubt that the results can be explained by laboratory contamination. Reeves et al (1958) also found evidence that bird-to-bird transmission of an alphavirus (WEEV) might have occurred among individuals housed in an aviary, but they too could not completely rule out methodological error.…”

Section: Bird-to-bird Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The related WEEV has been found to persist in brain, blood, lung, liver, spleen, and gall bladder tissue of birds for up to 10 months after infection (Reeves et al, 1958;Reisen et al, 2001). Maintenance of chronic virus infections frequently occurs in vertebrates (Kuno, 2001).…”

Section: Detection Of Bcrv In Tissuementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The likelihood of birds transmitting viruses by infecting naïve vectors depends in large part on how long birds maintain infectious virus in the blood. If this period is short, few uninfected vectors will be exposed, and transmission by birds will be low, a scenario thought to limit the spread of some viruses by birds (Reeves, 1974;Rappole and Hubálek, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Inoculation of House Sparrows (Passer Domesticus) With Buggy Creek Virus

Huyvaert

Moore

Panella

et al. 2008

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:We performed experimental inoculations of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) with Buggy Creek virus (BCRV), a poorly known alphavirus (Togaviridae) vectored primarily by the swallow bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae: Oeciacus vicarius) that is an ectoparasite of the cliff swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) and house sparrow. Viremias were detected by plaque assay in two of six birds on days 1-3 postinoculation; viremia was highest on day 2. Viral RNA was detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in blood of six of 12 birds ranging from day 1 to day 15 postinoculation. Infectious BCRV was detected in nasopharyngeal swab samples from two birds by plaque assay. Three control birds that were housed with viremic individuals showed evidence of BCRV RNA in blood (by RT-PCR), suggesting possible bird-to-bird transmission of this virus. Viral RNA also was detected by RT-PCR in brain and skin tissue of six birds on necropsy at the end of the 16-day experiment. Introduced house sparrows are apparently a competent amplifying host for BCRV, and their presence year-round at cliff swallow colonies may facilitate persistence of the virus locally, especially when cliff swallows abandon a site temporarily. The findings that BCRV can be shed orally, that it persists in bird skin, and that control birds could apparently be infected by conspecifics suggest that this virus may be transmitted from bird to bird in the crowded conditions of many cliff swallow colonies.

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Chronic Latent Infections of Birds with Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus.

Cited by 55 publications

References 0 publications

Lymphocyte subset analyses in healthy adults vaccinated with yellow fever 17DD virus

Lymphocyte subset analyses in healthy adults vaccinated with yellow fever 17DD virus

Experimental Infection With Murray Valley Encephalitis Virus. Pigs, Cattle, Sheep, Dogs, Rabbits, Macropods and Chickens

Experimental Inoculation of House Sparrows (Passer Domesticus) With Buggy Creek Virus

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