Chronic Kidney Disease in Cameroon: A scoping review

Abstract

ObjectivesThis scoping review sought to summarize available data on the prevalence, associated factors, etiology, comorbidities, treatment, cost, and mortality of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Cameroon.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Scopus and African Journals Online from database inception to 31 March, 2020 to identify all studies published on the prevalence, associated factors, etiology, comorbidities, treatment, cost and mortality of CKD in Cameroon.ResultsThirty studies were included. The population prevalence of CKD varied from 3-14.1% and 10.0%-14.2% in rural and urban areas, respectively. The prevalence of CKD in patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and human immunodeficiency virus was 12.4-50.0%, 18.5%, and 3.0-47.2%, respectively. Hypertension (22.3-59.1%), chronic glomerulonephritis (15.8-56.2%), and diabetes mellitus (15.8-56.2%) were the most common causes of CKD. The cause was unknown in 13.5-17.0% of the cases. Advanced age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity were frequent associated factors. Hemodialysis was the main treatment modality in patients with End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). The monthly cost of management of non-dialyzed CKD was 163 US dollars. The one-year mortality rate of ESRD was 26.8-38.6%.ConclusionChronic kidney disease in affects about one in ten adults in the general population in Cameroon Patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and human immunodeficiency virus bear the greatest burden of CKD in Cameroon. Advanced age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity are major factors associated with CKD. Chronic kidney disease in Cameroon is associated with high morbidity and mortality and huge economic cost on the patient.

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“…CKD has been ranked by GBD as the 12 th leading cause of death out of 133 conditions [ 4 ]. In Cameroon, the prevalence of CKD varied 3–14.1% and 10.0–14.2% in rural and urban areas, respectively [ 6 ].…”

“…The burden of CKD is worsened by the increased prevalence of hypertension and diabetes which play a key role in the morbidity and mortality associated to CKD [ 6 , 7 ]. In addition, CKD in turn is a serious independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease including hypertension [ 7 , 8 ].…”

“…However, the effectiveness of this treatment is limited because it only delays end-stage kidney disease development which requires renal replacement therapy (RRT) such as dialysis or kidney transplantation [ 1 ]. Yet, in many countries, accessibility to, or affordability of RRT is restricted and even scarce, causing the death of 2.3–7.1 million adults [ 4 , 6 ]. Therefore, the search for effective drugs that can successfully treat CKD is of paramount importance.…”