Chronic kidney disease in Cameroon: a scoping review

Abstract

Objectives This scoping review sought to summarize available data on the prevalence, associated factors, etiology, comorbidities, treatment, cost and mortality of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Cameroon. Methods We searched PubMed, Scopus and African Journals Online from database inception to 31 March, 2020 to identify all studies published on the prevalence, associated factors, etiology, comorbidities, treatment, cost and mortality of CKD in Cameroon. Results Thirty studies were included. The prevalence of CKD varied from 3 to 14.1 and 10.0%–14.2% in rural and urban areas, respectively. The prevalence of CKD in patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and human immunodeficiency virus was 12.4–50.0, 18.5%, and 3.0–47.2%, respectively. Hypertension (22.3–59.1%), chronic glomerulonephritis (15.8–56.2%), and diabetes mellitus (15.8–56.2%) were the most common causes of CKD. The cause was unknown in 13.5–17.0% of the cases. Advanced age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity were frequent associated factors. Hemodialysis was the main treatment modality in patients with End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). The monthly cost of management of non-dialyzed CKD was 163 US dollars. The one-year mortality rate of ESRD was 26.8–38.6%. Conclusion Chronic kidney disease affects about one in 10 adults in the general population in Cameroon. Patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and human immunodeficiency virus bear the greatest burden of CKD in Cameroon. Advanced age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity are major factors associated with CKD. Chronic kidney disease in Cameroon is associated with high morbidity and mortality and huge economic cost on the patient.

Prevalence, incidence and predictors of renal impairment in persons with HIV receiving protease-inhibitors in rural Tanzania

“…The differentiation of renal impairment into CKD and acute kidney disease (AKI) was not possible due to lack of systematic repeat creatinine measurements in routine care [ 26 ]. In most of the studies from sSA estimation of renal impairment is based on one measurement only due to lack of repeat measurements of serum creatinine [ 6 , 27 – 29 ]. We conducted a sensitivity analysis to assess CKD for participants who had two measurements of eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73m2 three months as recommended by KDIGO [ 25 ].…”

Bedside rationing and moral distress in nephrologists in sub- Saharan Africa

“…This study reflected what has been reported by others in SSA. Patients with kidney failure are younger and often have fewer co-morbidities compared with those in less resource deprived settings, and diagnosis tends to be made late due to suboptimal access to quality health care [ 21 ]. Even if risk factors for kidney disease or kidney disease itself are diagnosed early in SSA, access to appropriate and long-term essential diagnostics and treatment is often limited [ 9 ].…”

Apolipoprotein L1 Genetic Variants in Cameroonians with chronic kidney disease: A case control study

“…A few studies in sub Saharan Africa have shown a high frequency of APOL1 risk variants in the CKD population [8][9][10][11]. The true prevalence of CKD in Cameroon is not known and the risk factors have not been extensively studied [12]. Data on genetic susceptibility especially APOL 1 mutations in CKD is lacking.…”