Chronic Immune Activation and CD4+ T Cell Lymphopenia in Healthy African Individuals: Perspectives for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Efficacy

Wolday, Dawit; Ndungu, Francis M.; Gómez-Pérez, Gloria P; Wit, Tobias F. Rinke de

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.693269

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 90 publications

(135 reference statements)

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“…Several reports have previously documented that parasites downregulate antibody responses to heterologous pathogen and vaccine responses [25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. Likewise, we expected an impaired antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 among COVID-19 patients co-infected with parasites [24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…For analysis of anti-NP antibody kinetics, samples were drawn serially from 72 SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR-confirmed patients. Overall, patients were followed for a median of 31 [interquartile range (IQR): [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] days, and ranging between 7 to 37 days. Whenever possible, samples were drawn every 3 days during follow-up.…”

Section: Data and Specimen Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…B-cell hypo-responsiveness is associated with intestinal parasite co-infection in endemic areas [24]. Indeed, pre-existing co-infection with parasites has been shown to diminish antibody response to influenza, hepatitis B, pneumococcal, cholera, tetanus, and malarial vaccines [25][26][27][28][29][30][31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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SARS-CoV-2 antibody response among COVID-19 patients is not affected by parasite co-infection

Gebrecherkos,

Kiros,

Challa

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background: B-cell hypo-responsiveness has been associated with intestinal parasitic co-infection. The effect of parasite co-infection on antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 is unknown. Here, we aimed to determine antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 among COVID-19 patients co-infected with intestinal parasites and those without parasite co-infection. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, a total of 589 samples were serially collected from 72 RT-PCR-confirmed patients. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (NP) antibody titers were measured longitudinally during hospitalization. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed by RT-PCR on samples obtained from nasopharyngeal swabs, while direct microscopic examination, modified Ritchie concentration, and Kato-Katz methods were used to identify parasites and ova from fresh stool samples. Data were analyzed using STATA version 14. Results: Of the 72 COVID-19 patients, 39 (54.2%) were co-infected with intestinal parasites while 33 (45.8%) had no parasitic co-infection. Overall, the median cut-off index (COI) for anti-NP antibody titer among COVID-19 patients co-infected with parasites was 6.91 (IQR: 0.55-40.7) compared to 7.51 (IQR: 0.21-59.21) in those without parasites (p=0.764). In addition, 174/261 [66.7% (95% CI: 60.68-72.16)] and 231/328 [70.4% (95% CI: 65.23-75.14)] specimens from COVID-19 patients with parasite co-infection and without parasites, respectively, had anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody above the cut-off COI value (p=0.328). The positivity rate for anti-SARS-CoV-2 NP < 14 days after symptom onset was 66.3% (95% CI: 60.21-71.85) and 70.0% (95% CI: 64.72-74.74) for those not infected and co-infected with parasites, respectively (p=0.343). In addition, 31/72 (41.9%) of the patients who were negative at the time of enrollment were seroconverted. The trend in anti-NP antibodies among seroconverted individuals with and without parasites is also similar. Conclusions: Co-infection with parasitic infection has very little effect on the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody immune response. Further studies on the profile of neutralizing antibodies in parasite-endemic areas are warranted to ascertain vaccine efficacy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Section: Data and Specimen Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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SARS-CoV-2 antibody response among COVID-19 patients is not affected by parasite co-infection

Gebrecherkos,

Kiros,

Challa

et al. 2023

Preprint

Self Cite

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“…Nsp10 is a crucial replication regulator in SARS-CoV, and its ablation produces replicationdeficient viruses by interfering with and inhibiting the activation of nsp14 ExoN, indicating a possible vaccine epitope [38]. Live-attenuated vaccines are said to be pathogenic microorganisms that have been engineered for reduced virulence, yet still have the capability to duplicate and generate an immune response [39]. The mechanism or process depends on a forceless or engineered virus forms, which straightly stimulates an immune response by penetrating cells and duplicating, leading to the antibodies and CD8+ production in response to the proteins of SARS-CoV-2 [40].…”

Section: Live-attenuated Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Advantage Efficacy of Intranasal Live-Attenuated Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2

Sae-ngow

2022

Int J Sci Healthcare Res

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has ushered in a new era of breakthrough infections. The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, emerged in late 2019 in a seafood market in Wuhan, China, and was linked to pneumonia-associated sickness, which can culminate in respiratory failure. COVID-19 can potentially cause cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases and indicate an inflammatory condition. Regarding the diminishing protective immunity of vaccinations over time and the urgency of vaccine-evading SARS-CoV-2 variations, it is recommended that a booster injection be administered, and the research of variant-specific vaccines is continuing. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccine development became a focal point of global research. However, vaccine development necessitates considerable time. Between preclinical research and the final vaccine's commercialisation, years or more than a decade are often required. Several options for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have begun clinical trials globally after months of research and development. As stipulated by the WHO, vaccine development must involve preclinical research, clinical application, clinical trial agency application, registered clinical trial, phase I clinical trial, phase II clinical trial, phase III clinical trial, marketing, and manufacture of the vaccine. It is essential to create a balanced list of the benefits and drawbacks of deploying LAVs so that a well-informed choice can be made on which LAVs may be dispatched promptly to prevent and manage unanticipated pandemic breakouts. Keywords: Intranasal live-attenuated vaccine, Covid-19 vaccine, SAR-CoV-2

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“…Several studies report a negative correlation between pre-existing helminth infections and the response to vaccinations against cholera [ 6 ], tuberculosis [ 7 ], tetanus [ 8 ], influenza [ 9 ], or malaria [ 10 ], in the human population; a fact that is seldom taken into account during testing of novel vaccines in the tropics [ 11 , 12 ]. Especially in light of the global efforts to control the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic by vaccination, a negative impact of concurrent helminth infection of vaccination efficacy should be addressed [ 13 , 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre-existing helminth infection impairs the efficacy of adjuvanted influenza vaccination in mice

et al. 2022

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The world health organization estimates that more than a quarter of the human population is infected with parasitic worms that are called helminths. Many helminths suppress the immune system of their hosts to prolong their survival. This helminth-induced immunosuppression “spills over” to unrelated antigens and can suppress the immune response to vaccination against other pathogens. Indeed, several human studies have reported a negative correlation between helminth infections and responses to vaccinations. Using mice that are infected with the parasitic nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis as a model for chronic human filarial infections, we reported previously that concurrent helminth infection impaired the vaccination-induced protection against the human pathogenic 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus (2009 pH1N1). Vaccinated, helminth-infected mice produced less neutralizing, influenza-specific antibodies than vaccinated naïve control mice. Consequently helminth-infected and vaccinated mice were not protected against a challenge infection with influenza virus but displayed high virus burden in the lung and a transient weight loss. In the current study we tried to improve the vaccination efficacy using vaccines that are licensed for humans. We either introduced a prime-boost vaccination regimen using the non-adjuvanted anti-influenza vaccine Begripal or employed the adjuvanted influenza vaccine Fluad. Although both strategies elevated the production of influenza-specific antibodies and protected mice from the transient weight loss that is caused by an influenza challenge infection, sterile immunity was not achieved. Helminth-infected vaccinated mice still had high virus burden in the lung while non-helminth-infected vaccinated mice rapidly cleared the virus. In summary we demonstrate that basic improvements of influenza vaccination regimen are not sufficient to confer sterile immunity on the background of helminth-induced immunosuppression, despite amelioration of pathology i.e. weight loss. Our findings highlight the risk of failed vaccinations in helminth-endemic areas, especially in light of the ongoing vaccination campaign to control the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Chronic Immune Activation and CD4+ T Cell Lymphopenia in Healthy African Individuals: Perspectives for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Efficacy

Cited by 8 publications

References 90 publications

SARS-CoV-2 antibody response among COVID-19 patients is not affected by parasite co-infection

SARS-CoV-2 antibody response among COVID-19 patients is not affected by parasite co-infection

The Advantage Efficacy of Intranasal Live-Attenuated Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2

Pre-existing helminth infection impairs the efficacy of adjuvanted influenza vaccination in mice

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