“…It is likely that arteriovenous malformations result from vasculogenesis, differentiation of mesodermal precursors into endothelial cells, and angiogenesis. 5 Treatment of these patients suffering from DVT in combination with AVF includes compression, surgical fistula ligation, embolization, sclerotherapy, and recanalization with bare stent as summarized in Table. Link et al 5,6 treated only the fistula by embolization with no consideration of recanalization with stent of the iliac vein, which was not sufficient for ulcer healing, thus prompting subsequent sclerotherapy. Coelho et al 9 performed embolization and stent-graft deployment in the internal iliac artery in an attempt to seal the arterial component of the AVF, with marginal success.…”