Chronic health conditions reported by male inmates newly admitted to Canadian federal penitentiaries

Stewart, Lynn A.; Nolan, Amanda; Sapers, Jeremy; Power, Jenelle; Panaro, Linda; Smith, Jonathan A.

doi:10.9778/cmajo.20140025

Cited by 26 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…4 International research reveals that people who experience incarceration have poor health compared with the general population, including higher rates of mental illness, substance use disorders, infectious diseases and injury. [5][6][7] An emerging body of literature identifies ways to improve health in this population, both in custody and after release, 8 and empirical and theoretical evidence suggests that such interventions could benefit all of society by decreasing health care costs, 9 improving health in the general population, [9][10][11][12][13][14] improving public safety 9 and decreasing reincarceration. 9,15,16 In Canada, there is a lack of data on many indicators of health for people who experience incarceration.…”

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confidence: 99%

Mortality over 12 years of follow-up in people admitted to provincial custody in Ontario: a retrospective cohort study

et al. 2016

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Background:We aimed to define rates and causes of death in custody and after release in people admitted to provincial custody in Ontario, and to compare these data with data for the general population. Methods:We linked data on adults admitted to provincial custody in Ontario in 2000 with data on deaths between 2000 and 2012. We examined rates and causes of death by age, sex, custodial status and period after release, and compared them with data for the general population, using indirect adjustment for age.Results: Between 2000 and 2012, 8.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 8.3%-8.8%) of those incarcerated died in provincial custody or after release. The crude death rate was 7.1 (95% CI 6.9-7.3) per 1000 person-years. The standardized mortality ratio for those incarcerated in 2000 was 4.0 (95% CI 3.9-4.1) overall and 1.9 (95% CI 1.5-2.4) while in provincial custody. The most common causes of death were injury and poisoning (38.2% of all deaths), including overdose (13.6%) and suicide (8.2%), diseases of the circulatory system (15.8%) and neoplasms (14.5%). In the 2 weeks after release, the standardized mortality ratio was 5.7 overall and 56.0 for overdose. Life expectancy was 72.3 years for women and 73.4 for men who experienced incarceration in 2000. Interpretation:Mortality was high for people who experienced incarceration, and life expectancy was 4.2 years less for men and 10.6 years less for women compared with the general population. Efforts should be made to reduce the gap in mortality between people who experience incarceration and those who do not. Time in custody could serve as an opportunity to intervene to decrease risk. Abstract Research CMAJ OPEN E154CMAJ OPEN, 4(2) sentenced) or incarcerated (i.e., sentenced); in this article we use the term incarcerated to represent both of these groups.

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confidence: 99%

Mortality over 12 years of follow-up in people admitted to provincial custody in Ontario: a retrospective cohort study

et al. 2016

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“…[13][14][15] This finding has also been reported in Canada. 16,17 Four longitudinal studies examined the association between TBI and criminal justice involvement and focused on criminality and violent crime. [18][19][20][21] All suggested an association between TBI and criminal justice involvement, although results were not always significant.…”

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confidence: 99%

Association between traumatic brain injury and incarceration: a population-based cohort study

et al. 2016

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Background:There is recent evidence to suggest that sustaining a traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases risk of criminal justice system involvement, including incarceration. The objective of this study was to explore the association between TBI and risk of incarceration among men and women in Ontario. Methods:We identified a cohort of 1.418 million young adults (aged 18-28 yr) on July 1, 1997, living in Ontario, Canada, from administrative health records; they were followed to Dec. 31, 2011. History of TBI was obtained from emergency and hospital records, and incarceration history was obtained from the Correctional Service of Canada records. We estimated the hazard of incarceration using Cox proportional hazard models, adjusting for relevant sociodemographic characteristics and medical history.Results: There were 3531 incarcerations over 18 297 508 person-years of follow-up. The incidence of incarceration was higher among participants with prior TBI compared with those without a prior TBI. In fully adjusted models, men and women who had sustained a TBI were about 2.5 times more likely to be incarcerated than men and women who had not sustained a TBI.Interpretation: Traumatic brain injury was associated with an increased risk of incarceration among men and women in Ontario. Our research highlights the importance of designing primary, secondary and tertiary prevention strategies to mitigate risk of TBI and incarceration in the population. Abstract ResearchResearch CMAJ OPEN CMAJ OPEN, 4(4) E747

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“…Although offenders did not report having chronic health problems at rates as high as those cited in American (Fazel and Baillargeon, 2011) and Australian (Indig et al, 2010) research with correctional samples, the study did confirm earlier research on infectious diseases within CSC (Zakaria et al, 2010) that had found that men and women in Canada's federal correctional system had higher rates of blood borne viruses than the general adult population. Preliminary analyses examining which subgroups of offenders within this population had poorer health indicated that men over 50 years of age reported higher rates of diabetes, prostate problems, cardiovascular problems, and arthritis than those under 50 years; Aboriginal men reported higher rates of blood borne viruses and head injury than non-Aboriginal men, and men with histories of IDU had higher rates of blood borne viruses than those who did not report IDU (Stewart et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Many health studies indicate that offenders have high rates of many chronic health conditions; in particular, rates of infectious diseases, brain injury, and psychiatric disorders are elevated relative to the general population (Fazel and Baillargeon, 2011;Harmon, 2012;McIsaac et al, 2016;Stewart et al, 2015;Wilper et al, 2009;Zakaria et al, 2010). Several factors may contribute to these elevated rates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent study examined the self-reported physical health status of incoming federally sentenced offenders to the Correctional Service of Canada (CSC; Stewart et al, 2015). Although offenders did not report having chronic health problems at rates as high as those cited in American (Fazel and Baillargeon, 2011) and Australian (Indig et al, 2010) research with correctional samples, the study did confirm earlier research on infectious diseases within CSC (Zakaria et al, 2010) that had found that men and women in Canada's federal correctional system had higher rates of blood borne viruses than the general adult population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Social determinants of health among Canadian inmates

Stewart

Nolan

Thompson

et al. 2018

IJPH

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Purpose International studies indicate that offenders have higher rates of infectious diseases, chronic diseases, and physical disorders relative to the general population. Although social determinants of health have been found to affect the mental health of a population, less information is available regarding the impact of social determinants on physical health, especially among offenders. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between social determinants and the physical health status of federal Canadian offenders. Design/methodology/approach The study included all men admitted to federal institutions between 1 April 2012 and 30 September 2012 ( n=2,273) who consented to the intake health assessment. Logistic regression analyses were used to explore whether age group, Aboriginal ancestry, and each of the individual social determinants significantly predicted a variety of health conditions. Findings The majority of men reported having a physical health condition and had experienced social determinants associated with adverse health outcomes, especially men of Aboriginal ancestry. Two social determinants factors in particular were consistently related to the health of offenders, a history of childhood abuse, and the use of social assistance. Research limitations/implications The study is limited to the use of self-report data. Additionally, the measures of social determinants of health were indicators taken from assessments that provided only rough estimates of the constructs rather than from established measures. Originality/value A better understanding of how these factors affect offenders can inform strategies to address correctional health issues and reduce the impact of chronic conditions through targeted correctional education and intervention programmes.

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Chronic health conditions reported by male inmates newly admitted to Canadian federal penitentiaries

Cited by 26 publications

References 12 publications

Mortality over 12 years of follow-up in people admitted to provincial custody in Ontario: a retrospective cohort study

Mortality over 12 years of follow-up in people admitted to provincial custody in Ontario: a retrospective cohort study

Association between traumatic brain injury and incarceration: a population-based cohort study

Social determinants of health among Canadian inmates

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