Chronic dermatophyte infections II. Antibody and cell-mediated immune responses

Hay, Roderick J.; Shennan, Graham I.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1982.tb00928.x

Cited by 56 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…These finding is supported by the notion of Calderon and Hay [23] that neutrophiles and to a lesser extent monocytes, can kill dermatophyte conidia. Moreover, Calderon and Shennan [23] stated that this activity depends on both intra-and extracellular mechanism, and the generation of the respiratory burst is an important stage in this process.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Patients with persistent foot infections have been reported to show reduced lymphocyte blastogenesis or leukocyte migration inhibition to dermatophyte antigen [22,23]. This is exemplified in the current study by the suppression of chemotactic activity of leucocytes (PMNs and monocytes) with increasing concentration of powdered mycelium of T. rubrum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

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Effect of Dermatophytes on Neutrophils and Monocytes Chemotaxis

Nasser¹

2016

MOJI

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Introduction: Dermatophytes are a specialized group of fungi which affect keratinous tissue of humans and other vertebrates, causing superficial infections. Objectives:The current study aimed at investigating the chemotactic activity of a group of dermatophyte fungi towards neutrophils and monocytes. Material and methods:Fifty-three patients with superficial fungal infections of glabrous skin i.e. Tinea cruris, T. capitis, T. corporis and T. pedis were investigated. They were 28 females and 25 males aged 3-66 years old (average 32.7±15.3). In the present work, 26.6% (14/53) of these patients were suffering from T. corporis followed by T.pedis in 22.6% (12/53), T.versicolor in 22.6% (12/53), T.cruris in 18.8% (10/53) and T.capitis in 9.4% (5/53) of them. Fungal examination of the scaly lesions showed the presence of the following dermatophytes: Microsporum canis, Trichophyton rubrum, T. verrocosum and T.mentagrophytes. Neutrophils and monocytes separated from apparently healthy donors were tested for their migrating abilities using the under agarose (Nelson) technique. Different concentrations of fungal mycelia with or without normal serum were used in parallel to negative (tissue culture medium) and positive (zymosan activated serum) chemo attractants. Cell migration was measured by the leukotactic index (LI); the ratio of migration towards test/migration towards control.Results: Most of the tested dermatophyte concentrations were stimulatory for either neutrophil or monocyte chemotaxis (LI>1.0). It seemed that T.verrocosum was the most stimulatory one. Neutrophils were more actively migrating than monocytes as the differences between LIs of these cells were more than LSD at 5% (least significant difference). A non proportional dose-effect relationship between fungal concentration and chemotactic activity was observed. Conclusion:These data stress on the important role of neutrophil and monocyte in host defense against dermatophyte infection. The data also indicate that neutrophil is a more active responder to fungal infection than monocyte. Keywords Material and Methods Study groupFifty-three patients with superficial fungal infections of glabrous skin attended the Dermatology and Venereology outpatient clinic of Al-Hussien University Hospital, were studied during a period from May 2000 to September 2001. They were 28 females their age ranged from 5-55 (25.3±14) years and 25 males their age ranged from 3-66 (30.2±16.6) years old. A full history was taken from all patients including age, job, site of infection, presence of predisposing factors and antifungal treatment. The duration of the disease in 51 patients varied from 112 weeks (recent infection). In the remaining two patients, the duration of infection was more than 12 months (chronic infection). The patients were suffering from superficial dermatophytosis; no other skin infections or systemic diseases were detected.Mycological examination was done for all patients. Antifungal sensitivity testing and chemotaxis assay were done for positive culture...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Effect of Dermatophytes on Neutrophils and Monocytes Chemotaxis

Nasser¹

2016

MOJI

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“…Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of recombinant Tri r 4. The NH 2 -terminal amino acid residues (positions [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] contain the conserved features of a signal peptide with a predicted cleavage site between Ala 19 and Phe 20 . Underlined regions represent amino acid sequences previously obtained for the NH 2 terminus and for six enzymatically generated peptides of natural Tri t 4.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trichophyton Antigens Associated with IgE Antibodies and Delayed Type Hypersensitivity

Woodfolk¹,

Wheatley²,

Piyasena³

et al. 1998

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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The dermatophyte fungus Trichophyton exhibits unique immunologic properties by its ability to cause both immediate and delayed type hypersensitivity. An 83-kDa Trichophyton tonsurans allergen (Tri t 4) was previously shown to elicit distinct T lymphocyte cytokine profiles in vitro. The homologous protein, Tri r 4, was cloned from a Trichophyton rubrum cDNA library, and the recombinant protein was expressed in Pichia pastoris. This 726-amino acid protein contained an arrangement of catalytic triad residues characteristic of the prolyl oligopeptidase family of serine proteinases (Ser-Asp-His). In addition, a novel Trichophyton allergen, encoding 412 amino acids, was identified by its human IgE antibody-binding activity. Sequence similarity searches showed that this allergen, designated Tri r 2, contained all of the conserved residues characteristic of the class D subtilase subfamily (41-58% overall sequence identity). Forty-two percent of subjects with immediate hypersensitivity skin test reactions to a Trichophyton extract exhibited IgE antibody binding to a recombinant glutathione S-transferase fusion protein containing the carboxyl-terminal 289 amino acids of Tri r 2. Furthermore, this antigen was capable of inducing delayed type hypersensitivity skin test reactions. Our results define two distinct antigens derived from the dermatophyte Trichophyton that serve as targets for diverse immune responses in humans.Dermatophyte fungi of the genus Trichophyton colonize keratinized tissues in humans including nails, hair shafts, and the stratum corneum of the skin. Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Trichophyton rubrum are common causes worldwide of tinea capitis, athlete's foot, and onychomycosis (infection of the nail beds) (1). An estimated 30 -70% of adults are asymptomatic carriers of these pathogens, and the incidence of symptomatic disease increases with age (2). The immune response to antigens derived from Trichophyton is unique in that both immediate hypersensitivity (IH) 1 and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin test reactions are induced. Studies suggest that the nature of the underlying immune response to Trichophyton antigens is related to the severity of dermatophytosis; IH skin tests are associated with chronic recurrent infections characterized by low-grade inflammatory lesions and the presence of IgE antibodies (Ab) (4 -7). In contrast, DTH reactions are associated with highly inflamed lesions that resolve spontaneously and a resistance to re-infection (4, 8 -13). The implication of these findings is that cellmediated immune responses to Trichophyton are more effective at eradicating infection and may confer protection. Chronic dermatophytosis has been associated with allergic disease in the respiratory tract in individuals with immediate hypersensitivity (14 -17). Furthermore, exposure to Trichophyton proteins may result in bronchial sensitization and symptomatic asthma that can be controlled with systemic antifungal therapy (7,18,19).Experimental mouse models support a role...

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“…In keeping with this, it has been proposed that protracted antigen exposure can induce immunologic unresponsiveness, or anergy, by activating suppressor T cells which then downregulate cell-mediated responses (20). However, several studies have failed to demonstrate diminished T-cell proliferative responses to dermatophyte antigens in patients with IH (51,66,74,124). Alternatively, properties of the fungus itself may prevent the development of cell-mediated responses.…”

Section: Immediate Hypersensitivity: a Marker Of Immune Status?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Allergy and Dermatophytes

Woodfolk

2005

Clin Microbiol Rev

144

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Tinea pedis (athlete's foot) and onychomycosis (infection of the toenails) caused by the dermatophyte fungus Trichophyton are highly prevalent in adults. Several Trichophyton allergens have been identified based on elicitation of immunoglobulin E antibody-mediated immediate-hypersensitivity (IH) responses. Evidence of an etiologic role for Trichophyton in asthma in some subjects with IH and chronic dermatophytosis is provided by bronchial reactivity to Trichophyton. Improvement of asthma after systemic antifungal treatment corroborates this link. A unique feature of Trichophyton allergens is the ability of the same antigen to elicit delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) in individuals who lack IH reactivity. Delayed responses appear to confer protection, while IH responses do not, based on the association with acute versus chronic skin infection. The amino acid sequence identity of Trichophyton allergens with diverse enzyme families supports a dual role for these proteins in fungal pathogenesis and allergic disease. Characterizing the immunologic properties of Trichophyton allergens and defining immune mechanisms which drive dichotomous responses are pivotal to understanding the dermatophyte-allergy relationship. Recent studies have identified DTH-associated major T-cell epitopes which could facilitate the development of peptide vaccines. Characterization of additional molecular targets by using new techniques may aid not only in the eradication of infection but also in the resolution of allergic symptoms

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Chronic dermatophyte infections II. Antibody and cell-mediated immune responses

Cited by 56 publications

References 19 publications

Effect of Dermatophytes on Neutrophils and Monocytes Chemotaxis

Effect of Dermatophytes on Neutrophils and Monocytes Chemotaxis

Trichophyton Antigens Associated with IgE Antibodies and Delayed Type Hypersensitivity

Allergy and Dermatophytes

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