Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency: current perspectives

Diagnostic accuracy of Doppler sonography and magnetic resonance venography for the assessmentv of impaired outflow from the internal jugular vein in patients with multiple sclerosis

“…However, it is likely that actually stenotic CCSVI lesions, depending on degree of stenosis, characteristics of inflow volume, and potential for collateral outflow, can differently affect the flow at the level of such a stenosis. This may explain the discordant results of sonographic studies on CCSVI [3]. Magnetic resonance venography (using our CCSVI-dedicated protocol) appeared to be a better diagnostic tool (k coefficients of about 0.4).…”

“…Contrary to other venous pathologies characterised by prevailing post-thrombotic abnormalities, the majority of CCSVI patients present with valvular and functional anomalies. Such a unique vascular pathology is not often seen in the venous system, and for the time being no established non-invasive method for the assessment of such a condition exists [3]. Although in most of the published studies a diagnosis of CCSVI was given using Doppler sonography or MR venography, research on the validity of these tests was done primarily in the context of potential association of CCSVI with multiple sclerosis (MS) [1,[4][5][6][7].…”

“…In addition, CCSVI -defined as an anomalous outflow from the brain and spinal cordis probably not a single clinical entity, but rather a group of different anatomical and functional abnormalities that in some individuals can even come together. adjacent muscles, arteries, or bones), with hypoplastic IJV, or with stenotic jugular valves incurring flow retention [3]. This heterogeneity of CCSVI is probably responsible for the low diagnostic reliability of non-invasive tests.…”

“…Also, considering these many faces of CCSVI, it is easier to understand why the results of studies on the prevalence of this clinical entity are so discordant. Not only were the authors using different diagnostic modalities and protocols, but probably they were also interpreting the findings of the tests differently and looking for different irregularities [3]. Our prospective study was aimed at the evaluation of diagnostic values of the above-mentioned non-invasive modalities, using catheter venography as the reference test.…”

Brain venous haemodynamics, neurological diseases and mathematical modelling. A review

“…It would be interesting to monitor the time evolution of these subjects. In the meantime, the very concept of CCSVI seems to be evolving, as note by Simka [112], who states: The research is currently suggesting that CCSVI is not a single entity, but rather a group of different anatomic and functional venous abnormalities.…”