Chronic brain damage in HIV-infected individuals under antiretroviral therapy is associated with viral reservoirs, sulfatide release, and compromised cell-to-cell communication

Mechanisms of HIV-mediated blood-brain barrier compromise and leukocyte transmigration under the current antiretroviral era

“…In the current ART era, brain damage has been associated with cognitive impairment and depression-like behaviors by a mechanism of chronic neuroinflammation that is not associated with systemic viral replication but rather with the presence of viral reservoirs and bystander cell activation. 56 , 71 Neurofilament light chain (NFL), β-amyloid 1-42 , neopterin, CCL2, and sCD14 within either serum or CSF have been proposed, however, they are robust indicators of only the most severe neurocognitive impairment. 17 , 72 , 73 Our data indicated that serum ATP could be an early predictor for screening PWH for cognitive impairment.…”